Term
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Definition
Energy is the ability to do work.
Uses of energy in animals:
To make ATPs that are used by animal
To generate heat
To synthesize new tissue
To synthesize a new product
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Term
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Definition
is amount of Energy obtained from food that is available through cellular respiration.
Food Energy is expressed in kilocalories (kcal) or kilojoules (kJ).
Calorie is amount of Energy required to raise one gram of air free water through one degree centigrade.
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
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Term
| Energy in cells can come from? |
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Definition
| The metabolism of food or from stored energy in the animals tissues. |
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Term
| Where and what are stored in animal tissue? |
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Definition
blood: glucose
liver: glycogen
adipose tissue: triglyceride
skeletal muscle: muscle proteins |
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Term
| How much energy in CHO, Fat, and protein respectively? |
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Definition
CHO = 4 kcal/g
Fat = 9 kcal/g
Protein = 4 kcal/g |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much Gross ATP and Net ATP is produced by Glucose metabolism (Glycolisis)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
is the energy released as HEAT when the food substance is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
GE is also referred to as heat of combustion. |
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Term
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Definition
is equal to GE of feed consumed minus the GE of feces.
DE = (Energy of food per unit dry weight x dry weight of feed) – Energy of feces per unit dry weight x dry weight of feces). |
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Term
| Metabolizable Energy (ME)? |
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Definition
| is GE of feed consumed minus GE contained in the feces, urine and gaseous products of digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
is ME minus Energy lost as HEAT INCREMENT.
Net Energy is used for Maintenance and Production. |
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Term
| What are some examples of Production energy? |
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Definition
growth, egg laying, work, pregnancy, and lactatio. Any energy that is spent NOT maintaning the animal's condition.
Growth includes: Hyperplasia - an increase in cell number
and
Hypertrophy - An increase in cell size |
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Term
| What are some examples of maintenance energy? |
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Definition
Providing nutrients that are VITAL to life. These include:
Cardiac muscle contraction for circulation of blood
Respiration
Homeothermy
Cell turnover
Detoxification of waste products of metabolism & basal metabolism |
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Term
| Dry matter consumption (feed intake) per unit of ________ ________ is greater for younger animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nutrient requirements (g/kg diet) are _________ for young animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Voluntary muscular activity of an animal.
Examples: race horse, draught animal, grazing animals |
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Term
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Definition
a huge nutrient cost to the laying hen
(high nurtient damand) |
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Term
| Pregnancy requires a largest nutrient demand during which time period? |
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Definition
| Final thrid of gestation. If the demand is not met you will see Pregnancy Toxemia. |
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Term
| If the nutrient demands of a pregnany mammal are not met, what is the disease that will develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactation is the physiological state which? |
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Definition
generally imposes the greatest nutrient demands.
If Lactation nutrient damands are not met you will see Ketosis. |
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Term
| If lactation nutrient damands are not met, what diease would you expect to see? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the reasons for differences in energetic efficiency AMONG species? |
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Definition
A. Type of Diet (biggest reason)
B. Chemical Nature of Absorbed Nutrients
C. Location of Fermentation vs Absorption in GIT |
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Term
| What are the reasons for differences in energetic efficiency WITH-IN a species? |
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Definition
A. Rate of Passage
B. Prior Nutritional History
C. Physical Activity
D. Environment |
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Term
| What are the Physiological Needs (% Efficiency of Utilization of ME) of an animal such as a human, pig, or chicken? |
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Definition
Maint.: 85-95%
Growth: 75-90%
Milk/Eggs: 80-90% |
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Term
| What are the Physiological Needs (% Efficiency of Utilization of ME) of an animal such as a rabbit, ginuea pig, or horse? |
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Definition
Maint.: 75-75%
Growth: 60-70%
Milk/Eggs: 70-75% |
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Term
| What are the Physiological Needs (% Efficiency of Utilization of ME) of a Ruminant animal? |
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Definition
Maint.: 70-85%
Growth: 30-62%
Milk/Eggs: 40-70% (70% if lactating) |
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Term
|
Definition
is amount of Energy obtained from food that is available through cellular respiration.
Food Energy is expressed in kilocalories (kcal) or kilojoules (kJ).
Calorie is amount of Energy required to raise one gram of air free water through one degree centigrade.
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
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Term
| Energy in cells can come from? |
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Definition
| The metabolism of food or from stored energy in the animals tissues. |
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Term
| Where and what are stored in animal tissue? |
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Definition
blood: glucose
liver: glycogen
adipose tissue: triglyceride
skeletal muscle: muscle proteins |
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Term
| How much energy in CHO, Fat, and protein respectively? |
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Definition
CHO = 4 kcal/g
Fat = 9 kcal/g
Protein = 4 kcal/g |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| How much Gross ATP and Net ATP is produced by Glucose metabolism (Glycolisis)? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
is the energy released as HEAT when the food substance is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
GE is also referred to as heat of combustion. |
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Term
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Definition
is equal to GE of feed consumed minus the GE of feces.
DE = (Energy of food per unit dry weight x dry weight of feed) – Energy of feces per unit dry weight x dry weight of feces). |
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Term
| Metabolizable Energy (ME)? |
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Definition
| is GE of feed consumed minus GE contained in the feces, urine and gaseous products of digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
is ME minus Energy lost as HEAT INCREMENT.
Net Energy is used for Maintenance and Production. |
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Term
| What are some examples of Production energy? |
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Definition
growth, egg laying, work, pregnancy, and lactatio. Any energy that is spent NOT maintaning the animal's condition.
Growth includes: Hyperplasia - an increase in cell number
and
Hypertrophy - An increase in cell size |
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Term
| What are some examples of maintenance energy? |
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Definition
Providing nutrients that are VITAL to life. These include:
Cardiac muscle contraction for circulation of blood
Respiration
Homeothermy
Cell turnover
Detoxification of waste products of metabolism & basal metabolism |
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Term
| Dry matter consumption (feed intake) per unit of ________ ________ is greater for younger animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nutrient requirements (g/kg diet) are _________ for young animals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Voluntary muscular activity of an animal.
Examples: race horse, draught animal, grazing animals |
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Term
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Definition
a huge nutrient cost to the laying hen
(high nurtient damand) |
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Term
| Pregnancy requires a largest nutrient demand during which time period? |
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Definition
| Final thrid of gestation. If the demand is not met you will see Pregnancy Toxemia. |
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Term
| If the nutrient demands of a pregnany mammal are not met, what is the disease that will develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lactation is the physiological state which? |
|
Definition
generally imposes the greatest nutrient demands.
If Lactation nutrient damands are not met you will see Ketosis. |
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Term
| If lactation nutrient damands are not met, what diease would you expect to see? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the reasons for differences in energetic efficiency AMONG species? |
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Definition
A. Type of Diet (biggest reason)
B. Chemical Nature of Absorbed Nutrients
C. Location of Fermentation vs Absorption in GIT |
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Term
| What are the reasons for differences in energetic efficiency WITH-IN a species? |
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Definition
A. Rate of Passage
B. Prior Nutritional History
C. Physical Activity
D. Environment |
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Term
| What are the Physiological Needs (% Efficiency of Utilization of ME) of an animal such as a human, pig, or chicken? |
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Definition
Maint.: 85-95%
Growth: 75-90%
Milk/Eggs: 80-90% |
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Term
| What are the Physiological Needs (% Efficiency of Utilization of ME) of an animal such as a rabbit, ginuea pig, or horse? |
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Definition
Maint.: 75-75%
Growth: 60-70%
Milk/Eggs: 70-75% |
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Term
| What are the Physiological Needs (% Efficiency of Utilization of ME) of a Ruminant animal? |
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Definition
Maint.: 70-85%
Growth: 30-62%
Milk/Eggs: 40-70% (70% if lactating) |
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Term
If: energy input > output
Then: ?? |
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Definition
| The excess energy will be stored and the animal will begin to gain weight |
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Term
If: energy input < output
Then: ?? |
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Definition
| The defincieny of energy will cause the animal's tissue to release stored energy and the animal will begin to loose weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy input - Energy output = Energy Balance (EI-EO=EB) |
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Term
| What is Voluntary feed intake? |
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Definition
| the amount of feed eaten by an animal when the feed is given to it without restriction. The performance of the animal is directly dependant on the feed intake in terms of quality and quantity. |
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Term
| What are the factors affecting feed intake? |
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Definition
Animal associated factors
Feed associated factors
Environmental factors
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Term
| ANIMAL FACTORS: Physiological status of animal will affect? |
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Definition
the animal based on energy demand
Animals with high demand for energy will have higher appetite and therefore high VFI. ie: A lactating animal has higher demand for energy than a dry animal. |
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Term
| ANIMAL FACTORS: Body weight will determine? |
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Definition
thefeed intake depending on the lean: fat ratio of the animal body.
Requirements of energy by adult animal is expressed as Body Weight to the 0.75 power. |
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Term
| ANIMAL FACTORS: Fatness of animal will? |
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Definition
reduce feed intake in animals because fat animals have physiologically less demand for fattening energy than similar thin animal. (Lean: fat ratio)
Excess fat in the abdominal cavity may reduce the volume into which the rumen or stomach may extend and reduce the bulk of feed intake such as roughage. |
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Term
| ANIMAL FACTORS: Leaness of animal will? |
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Definition
| make them intake feed per unit of metabolic body weight tend to be high. |
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Term
| ANIMAL FACTORS: Sex of animal will affect? |
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Definition
Growth Rate.<>br Males are capable of faster growth than females. Hence they have higher feed intake due to higher physiological energy demand.
Pregnancy has 2 opposing effects on the feed intake:
1) Increased demand of nutrients for fetus development increases feed intake.
2) Towards the end of pregnancy, effective volume of abdomen reduces intake of bulky feed. |
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Term
| ANIMAL FACTORS: Genetic Potential of animal will affect? |
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Definition
Animal with higher production potential will have higher physiological demand for nutrient and thus higher feed intake.
ie:
Friesian cow eats a larger volume than the Jersey or zebu |
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Term
| ANIMAL FACTORS: Diseases of the animal will? |
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Definition
Restrict feed consumption due to loss of appetite which manifests in a number of diseases ranging from metabolic, infectious or internal parasites.
Healthier animals have higher appetite and feed intake than sick ones. |
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Term
| FEED FACTORS: Feed Palatability is? What is Palatability determined by? |
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Definition
Defined as overall acceptance and level of willingness with which an animal eats its feed.
This is determined by:
Sight
Taste
Odor
Smell
Free from contamination |
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Term
| FEED FACTORS: Deficiency of nutrients will affect? |
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Definition
Nutrient deficiencies reduces the activity of rumen microorganism and therefore liable to reduce feed intake. The most common is protein or nitrogen deficiency which can be corrected with supplementation of rumen degradable protein or urea.
Nutrient imbalance is known to reduce feed intake in animals.
Other nutrient deficiencies liable to restrict feed intake in ruminant animals are:
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Sodium
Cobalt
Vitamin A, D, E
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Term
| FEED FACTORS: Physical form of the feed will affect? |
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Definition
Fine chopping of silage will increase intake.
Grinding will increase intake of low quality roughage due to increased rate of fermentation and passage.
Dusty feeds are less acceptable than when water is added. |
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Term
| FEED FACTORS: In monogastrics, normally, the higher concentration of energy...? |
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Definition
| the lower the feed intake and vice versa. |
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Term
| FEED FACTORS: Digestibility of the feed will effect? |
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Definition
Feeds with low digestibility (e.g. low quality roughage) are consumed in smaller quantities due to their low rate of passage through GIT.
In ruminants there is a positive relationship between digestibility of feed and their intake. |
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Term
| FEED FACTORS: Chemical composition of feed determines...? |
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Definition
their rate of digestion is neutral detergent fibre, which itself is a measure of cell wall content.
Presence of toxic substances in the feed such as alkaloids or tannins contribute to depressed feed intake. |
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Term
| FEED FACTORS: How does the Ratio of concentrate to roughage effect feed intake? |
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Definition
| Concentrate supplementation may reduce roughage intake, due to inhibition of CELLULOLYTIC rumen bacteria due to lowered rumen pH common with high concentrate rations. |
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Term
| ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: What does Sward density (amount of grass an animal can take from the pasture in one bit) influence? |
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Definition
| Animal will consume more DM in a pasture with short DENSE swards of digestible herbage. |
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Term
| ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: How does Temperature effect feed intake? |
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Definition
Feed intake decreases at high temperatures and increase at low temperatures.
Above 40 C temperate breeds of cattle cease to eat. |
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Term
| ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: How does Rainfall and Relative humidity effect feed intake |
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Definition
Relative Humitidity increases heat stress in animals lowering feed intake.
Grazing animals especially cattle and goats reduce grazing during heavy rains period. |
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Term
| ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: Stresses and vices that can lower feed intake are? |
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Definition
Poor health
GIT Parasites such as ascarids, or metabolic diseases such as ketosis, bloat, etc.
Overcrowding
Noises
Disturbances
Excessive handling |
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Term
| ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: How do poorly designed feeders influence intake? |
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Definition
| Poorly designed feeders/drinkers may add to feed contamination leading to feed/water rejection. |
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Term
A dairy bull weighing 500 kg live weight was fed on fodder containing 80% DM. Calculate the voluntary feed intake in terms of DM basis and as fed/fresh basis.
Determine the feed intake on a "dry matter" and "as fed" basis. |
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Definition
Feed Intake=2.5%
(A) On dry matter basis:
Recommended average voluntary feed intake for cattle is 2.5%of its body weight
For 500kg BW =2.5/100 x500 = 12.5kg DM fodder.
(B) On as fed basis.
The fodder contains 80% DM
Feed intake in DM = 12.5kg DM
Equivalent to 12.5/80 x100= 15.65 kg of fodder. |
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Term
A dairy goat weighing 40 kg and feed intake of 3.5% was fed on fodder containing 90% DM. Find the amount of fodder that it will require in a day.
Determine the feed intake on a "dry matter" basis. |
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Definition
Feed intake = 3.5%
(A)Intake on DM basis = 3.5/100 x40 = 1.4kg DM
but, the fodder contains 90% DM
Hence,1.4 kg DM = 1.4/90x100 = 1.55kg fodder. |
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Term
| Why are monogastrics unable to digest roughages efficiantly? |
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Definition
| Monogastrics lack the symbiotic microbes that give rumenants the ability to utilize roughages. |
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Term
| All roughages contain more than _____% crude fiber(CF)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nutritive value of roughages is influenced by? |
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Definition
The nutrient value of roughages depends on:
Plant species
proportion of cell contents to cell wall components
the extent of cell wall lignification.
The botanical composition, i.e. the proportions of different grass species, of clover and of various other plants.
Harvest, i.e. whether it is it the first, second or possibly third cut.
The amount of nitrogen fertilizer (fertilizer) used. |
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Term
| For feed to be considered a Protein concentrate (supplement) it must contain > ______% Crude Protein(CP)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A substance found in cottonseed meal that is toxic to Non-Ruminants.
In addition to Gossypol, it also has Sterulic Acid which is also toxic. |
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Term
| Food, feeds and feedstuffs are used to provide animals with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nutrients are used both to maintain body tissues and functions, as well as? |
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Definition
| Provide for productive functions |
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Term
| Describe the progression of the calorie system factors, for determining NET Energy (NE) |
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Definition
The Calorie System:
(GE)-(FE)=(DE)
(DE)-[(UE)+(MethE)]=(ME)
(ME)-(*HE)=(NE)
*Remember: HE includes heat of fermenattion & heat of nutrient metabolization! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Digestable Energy (GE-FE=DE) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gas Production Energy (GPE)? |
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Definition
| Energy spent during digestion producing gases |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy spent on makine fecal material |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy spent making Urine |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat Energy is the Total Heat Increment, which includes the heat of fermentation & the heat of nutrient metabolization. |
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Term
| What two energies are included in the term: Net Energy (NE)? |
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Definition
Net energy of maintenance (NEM)
Net energy of Production (NEP) |
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Term
| When we speak about feeds that contain nutrients levels which are vital to life we are talking about? |
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Definition
| Maintenance feeds: contain only enough nutrients to maintain the health of the animal. |
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Term
| When we speak about feeds that contain nutrients levels which support animals who are growing, or in a transitional life stage we are talking about? |
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Definition
Production feeds: contain nutrients to support production. This includs: growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg laying, etc.
Any time an animal is in a transitional life stage, it is producing. |
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Term
| What is the single most important reason for seening differences in Energetic Efficiency among species? |
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Definition
TYPE OF DIET
Other factors are: Chemical Nature of absorbed nutrients & the location of Fermentation vs Absorption in the GIT |
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Term
| What are Physiological Field Values(PFV)? |
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Definition
The energy obtained by burning one gram (1g) of a substance.
It is represents how much energy (in kcal) per 1g a substance will impart to an animal when digested.
Hence the units for PFVs are kcal/g. |
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Term
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Definition
Physiological Field Values(PFV):
The energy obtained by burning one gram (1g) of a substance.
It is represents how much energy (in kcal) per 1g a substance will impart to an animal when digested.
Hence the units for PFVs are kcal/g. |
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Term
| What is the PFV of Carbohydrates(CHO)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the PFV of Protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Net Energy(NE) used for? |
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Definition
| Maintenance and Production (Hence why the scope of NE includes NEM (NE-Maintenance) & NEP (NE-Production) |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Energy system (aka: The Calorie System); What can we do with this information? |
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Definition
We can rank feeds on a scale from BEST to WORST in terms of their energy values. ie: NE>ME>DE>GE> no information given of the feed.
Neat huh? :) |
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Term
| What is Hyperplasia? What is a function of? |
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Definition
an increase in cell number
it is a type of growth and thus a function of production |
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Term
| What is Hypertrophy? What is a function of? |
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Definition
an increase in cell size
it is a type of growth and thus a function of production |
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