Term
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Definition
| anorexia is a lack or loss of appetite for food. |
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Term
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Definition
| basal metabolism is the amount of energy required to carry out involuntary activities of the body at rest. |
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Term
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Definition
| BMI is Body Mass Index. This is a ratio of height (meters) to weight (kg) that more accurately reflects total body fat stores in the general population. |
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Term
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Definition
a calorie is the measure of heat or energy.
a kilocalorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. |
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Term
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Definition
a carbohydrate is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
carbohydrates are the most abundant and least expensive source of calories in the diet worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
Cholesterol is a fat-like substance found only in animal tissues, that is important for cell membrane structure.
It is a precursor of steroid hormones and a constituent of bile. |
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Term
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Definition
| enteral nutrition is an alternate form of feeding that involves passing a tube into the gastrointestinal tract to allow instillation of the appropriate formula. |
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Term
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Definition
| ketosis is the catabolism of fatty acids that occure when an individual's carbohydrate intake is not adequate. Without adequate glucose, the catabolism is incomplete and ketones are formed, resulting in increased ketones. |
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Term
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Definition
| a nasograstric tube is inserted through the nose and into the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| The definition of obesity is weight greater than 20% above the ideal body weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| PPN is Partial or Peripheral parental nutrition. This is nutrition therapy used for patients who have an inadequate oral intake and require supplementation of nutrients through a peripheral vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| PEG is a percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube. This is a surgically or laparoscopically placed gastronomy tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy (PEJ) is a surgically or laparoscopically placed jejunostomy tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| RDA is the Recommended Dietary Allowance for the average daily amounts of essential nutrients that that healthy people should consume. |
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Term
| residual (as applied to feeding tubes) |
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Definition
| Residual, as applied to tube feeding, is the amount of gastric contents in the stomach after the administration of a tube feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
Total Parental Nutrition (TPN) is nutritional therapy that bypasses the gastointestinal tract.
This is used in patients who cannot take food orally.
TPN meets the pt's nutritional needs by way of nutrient-filled solutions administered through a central vein. |
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Term
| nutritional assessment of the tongue |
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Definition
good nutrition signs in the tongue:
- deep red color
- surface papillae present
poor nutrition signs in the tongue:
- smooth tongue
- beefy red/magenta colored
- swollen or atrophied |
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Term
| Nutritional assessment of the teeth |
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Definition
Signs of good nutrition in the teeth:
- no cavities
- no pain
- no discoloration
signs of poor nutrition in the teeth:
- cavitites
- mottled appearance
- missing teeth |
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Term
| nutritional assessment on the gums |
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Definition
Signs of good nutrition in the gums:
- firm with good pink color
- no swelling or bleeding
signs of poor nutrition in the gums
- spongy red gums
- bleeds easily
- recessed gums
- swollen or inflamed gums. |
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Term
| Nutritional assessment of the glands |
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Definition
Signs of good nutrition in the glands
- no enlargement of thyroid
- face no swollen
signs of poor nutrition in the glands
- thyroid enlargement (goiter)
- swollen cheeks (enlargement of the parotid) |
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Term
| Nutrition assessment of the skin |
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Definition
signs of good nutrition in the skin:
- smooth with good color
- no signs of rash, swelling
signs of poor nutrition in the skin:
- rough, dry, flaky swollen or pale
- lack of fat under skin
- fat deposits around joints (xanthomas)
- bruises
- petechiae (small red/purple spot in the body caused by minor hemorrhage) |
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Term
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Definition
| xanthomas are fat deposits around the joints |
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Term
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Definition
| a goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluorosis is a mottled appearance of the teeth. |
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Term
| signs of poor nutrition in the finger and toenails. |
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Definition
signs of poor nutrition in the finger and toenails:
- koilonychia (spoon shaped finger or toenails)
- nails that are brittle, pale or ridged. |
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Term
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Definition
koilonychia is abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have lost their convexity, becoming flat or even concave in shape.
In a sense, koilonychia is the opposite of nail clubbing. |
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Term
| Skeletal signs of poor nutrition |
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Definition
Skeletal signs of poor nutrition include:
- poor posture
- beading of the ribs (A row of beading at the junction of the ribs and cartilages - common with rickets)
- chest deformity at the diaphragm |
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Term
| Muscular signs of poor nutrition |
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Definition
Muscular signs of poor nutrition:
- flaccid with poor tone
- underdeveloped musculature
- difficulty walking |
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Term
| signs of poor nutrition in the nervous system |
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Definition
signs of poor nutrition in the nervous system:
- decrease/loss of ankle/knee reflexes
- mental confusion
- weakness
- loss of sense of position
- burning/tingling of hands and feet |
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Term
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Definition
| hepatosplenomegaly is the simultaneous enlargement of both the liver (hepatomegaly) and the spleen (splenomegaly) |
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Term
| Cardiovascular signs of poor nutrition |
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Definition
Signs of poor nutrition in the cardio system:
- heart enlargement
- tachycardia
- elevated BP |
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Term
| Normal ranges of hemoglobin |
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Definition
Normal hemoglobin ranges from 12-18g/dL
a decrease indicates anemia |
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Term
| normal ranges of hematocrit |
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Definition
hematocrit is the concentration of blood cells in the plasms
Normal levels of hematocrit are 40-50%
a decrease is an indication of anemia
an increase is an indication of dehydration. |
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Term
| normal levels of serum albumin |
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Definition
serum albumin is protein in the blood plasma.
Normal serum albumin levels are:
3.3 - 5 g/dL
a decreased level indicates malnutrition or malabsorption. |
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Term
| normal lab levels of transferrin |
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Definition
transferrin is a blood plasma protein for iron delivery
normal levels of transferrin are 240-480 mg/dL
a decreased level of transferrin indicates anemia or a protein deficiency |
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Term
| normal lab levels of Total Lymphocyte Count |
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Definition
The total lymphocyte count is normally above 1800
a decreased TLC indicates an impaired nutritional intake or a severely debilitating disease. |
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Term
| Normal levels of blood urea nitrogen |
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Definition
Normal lab levels of blood urea nitrogen are 17-18mg/dL
when BUN levels are high it is an indication of:
- starvation
- high protein intake
- severe dehydration
When BUN levels are low it indicates:
- malnutrition
- overhydration |
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Term
| Normal lab levels of creatinine |
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Definition
Normal lab levels of creatinine are 0.4-1.5 mg/dL
an increase in creatinine levels indicates:
- dehydration
decreased levels of creatinine indicates:
- reduction in total muscle mass
- severe malnutrition |
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Term
Inserting a nasogastrc tube
-a quick reference |
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Definition
- Explain procedure to Pt.
- wash you hands
- put pt in high Fowlers position
- measure the ditance to insert the tube by placing the tip of the tube at pt's nostril and extending it to the tip of earlobe and then to tip of xiphoid process. Mark tube.
- lube first 4 inches of tube.
- ask pt to flex head back against pillow
- gently insert tube into nostrilwhile directing tube upward and backward. (Pt may gag)
- when pharynx is reached, instruct PT to put chin to chest and encourage pt to sip water through straw.
- continue advancing tube until pen mark is reached.
- attach syringe to end of tube and aspirate small amount of stomach contents.
- hold in place with tape
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