Term
|
Definition
the body needs more water per day than any other nutrient
can only survive a few days without water
water makes up to 60% of an adult's body weight
participates in many chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calls cannot directly regulate the passage of water across their membranes
water content of cells is regulated by major minerals that form salts which are dissolved in body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water is a universal solvent
delivers nutrients and removes wates from cells
delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells
waste products away from cells
acts as a lubricant (digestive tract)
cushions sensitive tissues (spinal cord)
regulates core body temperature (sweat cools body, blood routed through capillaries in the skin get rid of excess heat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water intake needs to equal water loss otherwise dehydration or water intoxication can occur |
|
|
Term
| How Much Water Do You Need a Day? |
|
Definition
DRI meets 80% of your needs
men- 13 cups
women-9 cups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when plain water floods the body's fluids and disturbs their normal composition
most victims have consumed several gallons of water in a few hours
rare, but immediate action is needed to reverse dangerously diluted blood before death occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the most commonly ingested is ethyl alcohol or ethanol
a sedative and central nervous system depressant
7 cal/gram |
|
|
Term
| Health Benefits of Alcohol |
|
Definition
people who consume one or two drinks daily have lower mortality rates than nondrinkers
can increase HDL cholesterol
it also inhibits blood from forming clots, reducing risk of death from heart attack
red wine and dark beer contain antioxidants
but only benefit is women 55+ and men 45+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alcohol is distributed quickly and thoroughly in the body
it can affect the central nervous system even in small concentrations
even small amounts in the blood can slow reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) in stomach
women have less than men
can only metabolize one drink per 1.5 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
men and women absorb and metabolize alcohol differently
women: smaller amounts of body water and lower activity of ADH means a larger proportion of ingested alcohol to reach the blood
an alcoholic drink consumed after a meal is absorbed 3x more slowly than on an empty stomach |
|
|
Term
| Factors that Influence Alcohol |
|
Definition
Gender
Body Type
Food
Amount Consumed |
|
|
Term
| Stand Servings of Alcohol |
|
Definition
12 ounces of beer
5 ounces of wine
1.5 ounces of 80 proof distilled spirits
12 ounces wine/malt or spirit-based cooler |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forebrain- effects walking and nausea
Cerebellum- inhibition
Brain Stem- Heart and breathing (worst) |
|
|
Term
| Harmful Effects of Alcohol |
|
Definition
hangover- dehydration, dont eat so you feel dizzy and nauseous, blood sugar drops, alcohol interferes with glucagon so blood sugar continues to drop
interferes with sex hormones
drinks have a lot of calories |
|
|
Term
| People who should not drink |
|
Definition
those who cannot restrict their alcohol intake
women of childbearing age who may become pregnant
pregnant and lactating women
children and adolescents
individuals taking medications that can interact with alcohol
those with specific medical conditions
individuals engaging in activities that require attention, skill, or coordination |
|
|
Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Criteria |
|
Definition
maternal drinking during pregnancy
characteristic pattern of facial abnormalities
growth retardation
brain damage often manifested by intellectual difficulties or behavioral problems |
|
|
Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Traits |
|
Definition
low nasal bridge, short eyelid opening, small head circumference, undeveloped groove in center of upper lip
irreversible abnormalities of the brain and other organs accompany these facial traits |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol's Affects of Body Functions |
|
Definition
increased fat synthesis by the liver: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis
stomach cells oversecrete acids
intestinal cells fail to absorbs B viamins
liver cells loose efficiency in activating vitamin D and alter production and excretion of bile
liver cells suffer a reduced capacity to process and use vitamin A
kidney excretion of minerals increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Males- 5+drinks
Femals- 4+ drinks
can lead to alcohol poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
craves alcohol
develops a higher tolerance for it
can't control or limit his intake
developed a dependency on alcohol because withdrawal symptoms occur when drinking stops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an index of your weight in relationship to your height
overweight: BMI 25-29.9
underweight: BMI <18.5
does not account for a muscular person with a low percentage of body fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has minimal body fat stores
will be at a disadvantage where energy reserves might be needed- prolonged period of physiological stress or injury
menstrual irregularity, infertility, and osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high blood pressure
stroke
high blood fat and cholesterol
gallbladder disease
heart disease
type II diabetes
osteoarthritis
sleep apnea and respiratory problems
some cancers |
|
|
Term
| How Many Calories Do You Need Each Day? |
|
Definition
energy output (energy needed to live)
- basal metabolism (BMR)- sum total of energy expended on all of the involuntary activities needed to sustain life
-physical activities
- thermic effect of food: energy you need to digest food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle mass, gender, growth, stress, thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
age
reduced calorie intake |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Energy Imbalance |
|
Definition
Too few calories can cause underweight- liver glycogen depleted, ketone bodies generated from incomplete breakdown of fat, amino acids from body protein breakdown can be used to make glucose
fasting- degrades the body's lean tissue, the body also adapts to fasting by slowing its metabolic rate
Too many calories cause overweight- limited capacity to store glucose as glycogen, can't store extra protein, unlimited capacity to store fat |
|
|
Term
| Healthy Weight Loss Goals |
|
Definition
| lose 10% Body Weight Over 6 month period |
|
|
Term
| Behaviors that affect body weight |
|
Definition
environment of cheap and easily obtainable energy dense goods stimulate appetite
we work more and cook less: about 1/3 calories come from ready to eat foods
we eat more: increased availability of food services, larger portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| will burn calories, alter body composition in a positive way, alter metabolism, and offer psychological benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet specific criteria for eating disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychological illnesses that involve specific abnormal eating behaviors and other facts
about 11 million in US
most are adolescent or young adult white, middle/upper class females, but increasing in males, minorities, and other groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
self-starvation and excessive weight loss
intense fear of being fat
distorted body image: see themselves as fat when underweight
health consequences: electrolyte imbalance can be fatal
drops in body temperature, decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
purging can include self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, strict dieting or fasting, abuse of diet pills, laxatives, and diuretics
vomiting can cause tears in esophagus and other problems
potentially fatal electrolyte imbalance can also result from bulimia |
|
|
Term
| How to Treat Eating Disorders |
|
Definition
multidiscipline teams is most effective approach
psychological, medical, and nutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
include any of a number of birth defects in the orderly formation of the neural tube during early gestation
arise in the first few days or weeks of pregnancy
folate needs to be consumed prior to pregnancy-400 micrograms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
women who may become pregnant, pregnant women, nursing mothers, and young children
eat up to 12 ounces week of a variety of dish and shellfish that are lower in mercury (cod, shrimp, salmon)
do not eat shark, swordfish |
|
|
Term
| Malnutrition and Pregnancy |
|
Definition
| mothers are more lucky to have infants who become ill, have birth defects and suffer retarded mental or physical development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the recommended intake for iron during pregnancy is 27 miligrams per day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be toxic and increase risk of birth defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a food born illness that can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe brain or other infections to fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no need for increase calories but increase need for folate, zinc, and iron
nutrient dense diet
cravings
morning sickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 340 calories extra, carbs, essential fatty acids, proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the appearance of abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy, with a return to normal following pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
need 450 calories
constipation
heart burn |
|
|
Term
| Breast-feeding Benefits for Mother |
|
Definition
physical: helps with recovery, reduces risk of breast and ovarian cancers and the risk of hip fractures and type two diabetes
financial: much cheeper then formula
convenience: always available
women with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, receiving chemotherapy, and using illegal drugs should not breastfeed |
|
|
Term
| Breastfeeding Benefits for Baby |
|
Definition
bonding
health benefits: colostrum(rich in protective factors), bifidus factor (helps growth of good bacteria in digestive system), and lactoferrin (helps immune system) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benefits include that it includes the almost same nutrient composition of breast milk, can see if baby is getting enough, and other family members can feed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
0-3: breast milk
3-6: pureed vegetables, iron-fortified cereal
6-8: pureed meats or beans
8-12: mashed or chopped food
solid foods may be added to diet when the baby is between 4 and 6 months old |
|
|
Term
| Issues With Children's Diets Today |
|
Definition
childhood obesity has tripled in US
too few fruits and vegs
too much fat and added sugars
large food portions
reliance on fast foods
not enough activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
issues include:
overweight and obesity
undernutrion
iron-deficiney
low calcium intake
dental caries |
|
|
