Term
| body weight is the result of... |
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Definition
–Genes
–Metabolism
–Behavior
–Environment
–Culture
–Socioeconomic status
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Term
| physical components of weight |
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Definition
–Occupational work
–Household chores
–Leisure time activity |
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Term
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Definition
–An indicator of body weight status based on a person’s height
–Calculated as kilograms per meter squared
–Estimate of body fat content |
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Term
| Obese people are at higher risk of: |
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Definition
[image]Elevated cholesterol [image]Low HDL-cholesterol
[image]Stroke [image]Osteoarthritis
[image]Sleep apnea [image]Shorter life expectancy
[image]Hypertension [image]Type 2 diabetes
[image]Coronary heart disease ++Gallbladder disease
[image]Certain cancers |
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Term
| benefits of 5-10% weight loss |
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Definition
–Lowers blood insulin, triglycerides, glucose, and C-reactive protein
–Increases insulin sensitivity and HDL cholesterol
–Reduces risk of heart disease and diabetes
–Decreased severity of sleep apnea
–Reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease
–Improved gynecological conditions |
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Term
| waist circumference indicating obesity |
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Definition
[image]High risk:
[image]Men >102 cm (40 in.)
[image]Women >88 cm (35 in.) |
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Term
| Strategies for weight loss |
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Definition
[image]Dietary therapy
[image]Physical activity
[image]Behavior therapy
[image]“Combined” therapy
[image]Pharmacotherapy
[image]Weight loss surgery |
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Term
| Pharmacotherapy (when used) |
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Definition
Drugs approved for long-term use by the FDA may be used as part of a comprehensive weight loss program including diet and physical activity.
•For patients with a BMI of 30 or above with no concomitant risk factors or diseases
For patients with a BMI of 27 or above for those with concomitant risk factors or diseases
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Term
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Definition
Option for limited number of patients with clinically severe obesity.
•BMI >40 or >35 with co-morbid conditions
•Reserved for patients in whom medical therapy has failed
•Gastric restriction or gastric bypass |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Gastric bypass surgery is the most effective method for weight loss and maintenance
–Results in loss of 50-60% excess weight
–Resolution of weight-related health problems |
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Term
| Behavioral Strategies for losing weight |
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Definition
–Eat a diet low in total fat
–Frequent self-monitoring of body weight and food intake
–High levels of regular physical activity |
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Term
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Definition
–Eat a diet low in total fat
–Frequent self-monitoring of body weight and food intake
–High levels of regular physical activity |
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Term
| Gender differences in heart disease |
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Definition
[image]Risk for heart disease in women increases substantially after menopause
[image]Menopause brings declines of estrogen and HDL and increases in LDL
Women have higher HDL and total blood cholesterol than men |
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Term
| Atherosclerosis or Coronary Heart Disease |
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Definition
[image]A slow, complex disease that begins in childhood and progresses with age
[image]Theorized to begin with an injury to the endothelium (inner most layer of the artery)
[image]The most common form of cardiovascular disease
[image]Characterized by the accumulation of plaques along the inner walls of the coronary arteries
[image]Plaques may grow large enough to significantly reduce the blood flow through an artery |
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Term
| Cholesterol and Heart Disease |
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Definition
[image]Generally, the higher the blood cholesterol level, the more plaque builds up
[image]Diets high in saturated fat and cholesterol raise blood cholesterol
[image]Trans fat raises cholesterol levels more than saturated fat |
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Term
| Modifiable risk factors for heart disease |
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Definition
[image]Tobacco smoke
–risk of heart attack is more than twice that of nonsmokers
[image]High blood cholesterol
[image]High blood pressure
[image]Diabetes Mellitus
[image]Obesity
[image]Physical inactivity |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Cholesterol is a fat-like, waxy substance that is present in all animal cell membranes
[image]Produced by liver and taken in through animal foods
[image]Affected by age, gender, heredity, and diet
[image]Carried by lipoprotein carriers in the blood:
–LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein
–HDL: High Density Lipoprotein |
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Term
| elevated blood cholesterol |
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Definition
[image]Clinically defined as > 240 mg/dl
[image]All individuals should be screened
[image]Requires diet and/or drug therapy for elevated levels |
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Term
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Definition
[image]< 200 mg/dl Desirable
[image]200-239 mg/dl Borderline high
[image]> 240 mg/dl High |
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Term
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Definition
–< 100 mg/dl Optimal
–100 – 129 Near to above optimal
– 130 – 159 mg/dl Borderline high
– 160 -189 mg/dl High
–> 190 mg/dl Very high |
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Term
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Definition
Transports 25-35% blood cholesterol
[image]Associated with reduced risk for heart disease
[image]Plays a role in transporting cholesterol away from arterial walls
– < 40 mg/dl Low
– > 60 mg/dl High (desirable)
[image]HDL above 60 considered a “negative” risk factor, actually statistically removing one risk factor total risk factor profile |
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Term
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Definition
Transports 25-35% blood cholesterol
[image]Associated with reduced risk for heart disease
[image]Plays a role in transporting cholesterol away from arterial walls
– < 40 mg/dl Low
– > 60 mg/dl High (desirable)
[image]HDL above 60 considered a “negative” risk factor, actually statistically removing one risk factor total risk factor profile |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Defined as blood pressure exceeding 140/90 mm Hg for an extended time
[image]Increases the heart’s workload |
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Term
| obesity as a heart disease risk factor |
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Definition
[image]Independent risk factor for heart disease
[image]Risk significantly associated with:
–weight gain during young adult life
–intra-abdominal fat or waist circumference
[image]Also increases risk for:
–hypertension or high blood pressure
–elevated cholesterol or LDL levels
–elevated triglyceride levels
–diabetesstroke |
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Term
| Physical activity lowers the risk of... |
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Definition
–Lower blood pressure
–Lower heart rate
–Increase HDL-cholesterol
–Promote healthier body weight
–Improve insulin sensitivity |
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Term
| elevated triglycerides associated with: |
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Definition
–low HDL cholesterol levels |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Heart healthy diet and food choices
–fruit and vegetable consumption
–dietary fiber
–fish consumption
–soy protein
[image]Moderate alcohol intake (?)
[image]Stress management and positive coping skills |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Moderate intake is associated with reduced risk
[image]Wine and alcohol are nonessential dietary components with significant health hazards
[image]Wine drinkers tend to be leaner, exercise more, and drink with meals as compared to beer and spirits drinkers
[image]No clear evidence that wine is more beneficial
than other forms of alcohol
[image]Wine’s risk reduction through its antioxidant
properties is an unproved strategy
[image]AHA maintains that alcohol use is an item for consideration between patient and physician |
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Term
| What is a dietary supplement? |
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Definition
[image]As defined by Congress in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, which became law in 1994:
–Intended to supplement the diet not substitute for healthy foods
–Contains one or more dietary ingredients or their constituents
[image]Vitamins
[image]Minerals
[image]Herbs or other botanicals
[image]Amino acids
[image]Other dietary substances such as enzymes
–Is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, liquid, or powder; and
–Is labeled on the front panel as being a dietary supplement. |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of a nutrient consumed that is available for absorption and use by the body |
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Term
| FDA regulation of dietary supplements |
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Definition
FDA does not currently require:
[image]Testing for:
–safety
–effectiveness
–interaction
[image]Approval before supplement is produced and sold |
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Term
| manufacturer of dietary supplement is expected to ensure |
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Definition
–safety of ingredients
–label information is accurate
–declared contents matches container contents |
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Term
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Definition
| weight-loss supplement, december 2003 |
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Term
| Who should take multi-vitamin mineral supplements? |
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Definition
[image]Pregnant and lactating women
- increased need for some nutrients, of note iron & folate
[image]Women with heavy menstrual bleeding
–iron (vitamin C)
[image]Women of childbearing age/premenopausal women
–folate, iron, calcium
[image]Smokers
–B vitamins, vitamin C
[image]Individuals who abuse alcohol
–multivitamin-mineral supplement (Vitamin B1, folate, B6, C)
[image]Individuals with restricted or limited diets
–multivitamin-mineral supplement
[image]Vegetarians
–calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B2 and B12, vitamin D[image]Individuals with limited milk intake and/or sun exposure
–calcium, vitamin D
[image]Older adults (> 70 years of age)
–calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B6 and B12, zinc
[image]Individuals with a health condition that affects nutrient utilization or absorption
[image]Individuals with compromised immune function
[image]Some infants
–Vitamin D (breastfed infants), fluoride, iron
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Term
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Definition
[image]Functional foods are modified to enhance contribution to health
[image]Formulated to improve health, or with high amounts of compounds to prevent disease
[image]No statutory definition of “functional foods”
[image]No specific regulations that apply
--Types: –Whole foods
–Enriched foods
–Fortified foods
–Enhanced foods
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Term
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Definition
[image]non-digestible carbohydrates broken down by colon bacteria
–Breakdown products foster good bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
[image]live, beneficial bacteria found in fermented foods |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Strong symbolic, emotional, and cultural meanings of food dictate food preferences
[image]We choose foods that give us pleasure
[image]Foods relieve our hunger pains, delight our taste buds, or provide comfort and a sense of security |
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Term
| Benefits to moderate alcohol consumption |
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Definition
–Men: 2 drinks/day, women:1 drink /day
–Reduces risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, dementia
–Increases HDL cholesterol
–Improves glucose utilization
–Decreases chronic inflammation
–Improves cognitive function |
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Term
| Negative effects of high alcohol consumption |
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Definition
[image]As calories from alcohol increase, quality of the diet decreases
[image]Heavy drinkers receive too little thiamin, vitamins A and C, calcium, and iron |
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Term
| Gender effects of alcohol |
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Definition
[image]Blood alcohol levels increase faster in women than in men
[image]Women experience intoxicating effects of alcohol on lower amounts of alcohol than men require |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Defined as consuming 5 or more drinks in a row for men; 4 or more drinks in a row for women |
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Term
| Highest available calories available per capita |
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Definition
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Term
| Sources of Nutritional Information |
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Definition
[image]Reliable sources use the standards of proof required by science
[image]These are based on multiple studies and arrived at by “scientific consensus”
[image]Majority opinion of knowledgeable scientists
[image]Nutrition recommendations are based on this consensus of scientific opinion |
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Term
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Definition
[image]At initiationsomething alters DNA in certain cells |
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Term
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Definition
[image]During promotion phase, cancer cells with altered DNA divide, producing large numbers of abnormal cells
–This phase takes place over 10 to 30 years |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Unless corrected by some means, abnormal cells continue to divide, leading to progressionphase of cancer development |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Body loses control over abnormal cells, numbers increase rapidly
[image]Eventually cells become so numerous they erode normal functions of the body in the sites of growth
[image]Abnormal cells can migrate to other tissues and cause DNA damage and abnormal cell development |
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Term
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Definition
[image]80-90% of cancers are initiated by environmental factors that alter DNA
[image]Diet is a major environmental factor and may account for 40% of cancer risk
[image]Most factors are modifiable |
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Term
| Lifestyle Risks of Cancers |
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Definition
[image]Cancer-promoting diets are low in vegetables and fruits
[image]High saturated fat, regular intake of charred and nitrate-cured meats, and excessive alcohol are associated with cancer
[image]Low intakes of whole grains, dried beans, nuts, and seeds increase cancer risk
[image]Other risk factors include smoking, physical inactivity, and excess body fat |
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Term
| Foods that help to prevent cancer |
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Definition
[image]Consumption of tomato products related to decreased risk of prostate cancer
[image]Green tea contributes to breast cancer reduction
[image]Diets and lifestyles that prevent cancer are represented by characteristics, not hard rules about specific foods, dietary restrictions, or types of physical activities |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Phytochemicals in vegetables and fruits may participate in cancer prevention by protecting cells from damage due to oxidation and by inhibiting the multiplication of abnormal cells
[image]Vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium are antioxidants in vegetables and fruits
[image]3 cruciferous (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and brussel sprouts) vegetable servings per week reduce the risk of lung, bladder, and prostate cancer
[image]Phytochemicals act as antioxidants
[image]Phytochemicals participating in cancer prevention are brightly colored
[image]Select and consume colorful vegetables and fruits
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Term
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Definition
[image]Whole grains have vitamins, minerals, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, and phytochemicals that work in cancer prevention
[image]Effect on cancer risk is related to the combined action of these substances
[image]Isolation of a single substance destroys its ability to function in cancer prevention
[image]Americans are advised to include three or more whole grain products in their daily diet |
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Term
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Definition
[image]Cancer of stomach and liver related to regular consumption of hot dogs, lunch meats, bacon, pickled eggs, and vegetables preserved with nitrates |
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Term
| Grilled and Charred Meats |
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Definition
[image]Substances in beef, chicken, fish, and other meats become cancer promoting if heated to high temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
–A food plan consisting only of plant foods |
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Term
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Definition
–A food plan consisting of plant foods plus dairy products |
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Term
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Definition
–A food plant consisting of plant foods plus dairy products and eggs |
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Term
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Definition
–exclude beef, pork, and poultry, include fish, eggs, dairy products, and plant foods |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Benefits of Vegetarianism |
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Definition
[image]Lower intake saturated fat and cholesterol
[image]Higher intake dietary fiber, magnesium, potassium, folate, antioxidants, and phytochemicals
[image]Lower Body Mass Index (BMI)
[image]Lower blood cholesterol and LDL levels
[image]Lower blood pressure
Lower risk of obesity, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, |
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Term
| Nutritions of Vegetarians |
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Definition
[image]Protein
[image]Iron
[image]Zinc
[image]Calcium
[image]Vitamin D
[image]Riboflavin (B2)
[image]Vitamin B12
[image]Vitamin A/beta carotene
[image]Omega-3 fatty acids
[image]Iodine |
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Term
| Complementary Protein Foods |
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Definition
[image]Vegetarians can meet needs for essential amino acids by combining plant foods to yield complete proteins
[image]Complementary protein sources
–Plant sources of protein that together provide sufficient quantities of the nine essential amino acids |
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Term
| Key Components of the Mediterranean Diet |
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Definition
[image]Eating a generous amount of fruits and vegetables
[image]Consuming healthy fats such as olive oil and canola oil
[image]Eating small portions of nuts
[image]Drinking red wine, in moderation, for some
[image]Consuming very little red meat
[image]Eating fish on a regular basis |
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