Recommended Weight Gain During Pregnancy

Recommended

calories for lactation

Engery-one of the smallest increases recommened

2nd-3rd trimesters: additional 350-450 kcal/day

 Protien: 1.1gm/kg body wt/day of protien; Carbs: 175 gr/day min

Fat

the % of calories obtained from fat should not change during pregnancy

limit saturated fat, avoid trans fats

fat is required by the newobrn for temperatures regualtion and as an energy source

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is critical for neurologic and eye development

General facts about gestational diabetes to the mom and baby

This is insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance that increases blood glucose levels during pregnancy (7% of all US pregnancies)

-Condition is resolved after birt

-Usually begins 20-28 weeks gestation

Treatment

-strict control of blood surgar through diet, physical activity, and meds

Consequences of uncontrolled

-may lead to preclampsia; increased featl morbidity

-risk for type 2 diabetes for mother and child (during adolesence or adult)

-significant risk of deliverying a large baby

consuming 25-35g/day of fiber and plenty fluids

be physically active-exercise increases motility of the colon

avoid letting your stomach ge empty-may trigger nausea

eat small frequent meals

usually high carb foods, avoid fatty foods

if supplements cause consider taking at bedtime

Treatment for preeclampsia

Higher amounts may slightly increase the risk of:

Miscarriage

Preterm births

Low weight births

Effects of alcohol use during pregnancy

Can cause fetal alcohol syndrome: variety of characteristics associated with prenatal exposure to high quantities of alcohol

o   Malformations of face, limbs, heart

o   Many developmental disabilities

Effects of smoking during pregnancy

·         Maternal smoking greatly increases risk of:         

o   Miscarriage, stillbirth, placental abnormalities, intrauterine growth retardation, preterm delivery, and low birth weight infants

o   Increased rates of sudden infant death syndrome

Effects of illegal drugs during pregnancy

·         Increases the risk of:

o   Low birth weight, premature delivery, and miscarriages

o   Withdrawal like symptoms in the baby at birth, leading to excessive crying and tremors

o   May be at greater risk of ADD, behavioral problems, decrease in cognitive abilities, sleeplessness developmental delays, and impaired learning

Which to foods to avoid during pregnancy and why

·         Unpasteurized milk- it increases the risk of Listeria monocytogenes

·         Raw or partially cook eggs- increases the risk of Salmonella infection

·         Raw or undercooked meat/fish/poultry- increases the risk of Escherichia coli

·         Unpasteurized juices, and raw spouts

·         Certain fish should be avoided due to high mercury content

·         Deli meats and hot dogs should be steaming hot

Know how to determine if your infant has adequate breast milk

·         Infant has 6 or more wet diapers a day

·         Shows normal weight gain

·         Passes 1 or more stool a day

Know when to introduce different foods and at what age you can start different foods in an infants and children

·         At 4-6 months, cereals are introduced

·         Rice usually introduced first- mixed with breast milk or infant formula

·         At 6-8 months: introduce strained single vegetables, fruits, and fruit juices (limit juice to 8 ounces daily)

·         7-10 months: strained or finely chopped meats, mashed egg yolk, finger foods, toast, teething crackers

·         9-12 months: yogurt, soft cheese, mashed legumes, pasta (macaroni & spaghetti), soft table foods, scrambled or boiled eggs

·         12 months: whole cow’s can be introduced and table foods can being to play a larger role

Foods that are considered allergenic to infants and children

·         Egg whites

·         Cow’s milk

·         Peanuts

·         Tree Nuts

Common Nutrition problems with preschoolers

·         Iron-deficiency anemia

·         Constipation

·         Dental caries

·         Childhood food insecurity- hunger/not knowing if there is always going to be food for the next metal

Macronutrients for toddlers

·         Estimated energy requirement (EER) is kcal/day= (89x weight (kg) -100 +20)

·         30%-40% of total kcal from fat

·         1.1 grams of protein per kg body weight

·         130 grams of carbs per day

·         14 grams fiber per 1000 kcal/day

Macronutrients for Childhood

·         Total fat intake should gradually drop to a level closer to adult fat intake

·         25%-35% of total energy from fat

·         0.95 grams protein per kg body weight

·         130 grams of carbs per day

·         14 grams fiber per 1000 kcal

Macronutrients for School-Aged Children

·         25%-35% of total energy from fat

·         0,95 grams protein per kg body

·         130 grams of carbs

·         45%-60% of kcal from carbs

·         14 grams fiber per 1000 kcal per day

Macronutrients for adolescents

·         EER is based on gender, age, activity level, height and weight

·         25%-35% of total energy from fat

·         45%-60% of kcal from carbs

·         0.85 gram protein/ kg body weight

·         26-38 grams of fiber per day

Macronutrients for adults

·         Energy needs usually decrease due to reduced activity levels

o   Recommendation for fat, carbs, and proteins are same as for younger adults

o   Older adults can consume slightly less fiber

Nutritional complications of the elderly

·         Osteoporosis

·         Arthritis

·         Constipation

·         Dental health issues

·         Eye disorders

·         Alzheimer’s

Factors that cause geriatric weight loss

·         Illness

·         Disability

·         Loss of sense of taste or smell

·         Depression

·         Social isolation

Osteoporosis, Constipation, Alzheimer’s

·         Osteoporosis treatment includes vitamin D and calcium supplementation, resistance training, and medications

·         Constipation- fluid and insoluble fiber

·         Alzheimer’s- ample folate, vitamin B12, and macronutrients may improve memory and decrease risk

What is the RDA? And the uses

·         Recommended Dietary Allowances- the average daily intake level required to meet the needs of 97-98% of healthy people in a particular category

·         Uses to establish guidelines for food assistance programs, guidelines for food labeling, and to develop new food products

Which nutrients do we need to limit in our diet according to guidelines?

Carbohydrates

·         Primary source of fuel for our bodies, particularly for: brain, and during exercise

·         These are long chains of carbon, hydrogen, and water

·         Ex: rice, wheat, other grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, milk, dairy, seeds, nuts

·         4 kcal/day; 45-65%

Fat

·         Important source of energy for: being at rest, and low-intensity exercise

·         Type of lipid composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

·         Variety of forms: liquid, solid; Ex: butter, margarine, lard, vegetable oils

·         9 kcal/day; 20-35%

·         Can provide energy but are not a primary source of energy for our bodies

·         Primary role is to build new cells, tissues, growth, and repair

·         Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

o   Combine to form small building blocks known as amino acids

·         Ex: meats, dairy, seeds, nuts, legumes, we get some protein from vegetables and whole grians

·         4kcal/day; 10-25% range