Term
| Special Mineral Needs during Pregnancy |
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Definition
| iron, calcium, and folate |
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Term
| Risk Factors during Pregnancy |
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Definition
•Maternal age
•Frequent pregnancies
•Carrying twins or triplets
•Poverty
•Low level of education, lack nutrition knowledge
•Ordinarily consume an inadequate diet
•Chronic health conditions
•Inadequate or excessive weight gain
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Term
| Factors Influencing Birth Weight |
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Definition
–Duration of pregnancy
–Prenatal weight gain
–Pre-pregnancy weight status
–Smoking
Other factors: Poverty, poor nutrition, limited access to health care, and maternal lifestyle such as illicit drugs and excessive alcohol intake
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Term
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Definition
•Critical period - time when cells are multiplying
•Nutrients required for cell multiplication must be available during specific time interval
•If nutrients not available, developing tissue has fewer cells, forms abnormally, or functions poorly
•Critical periods are most intense in the first trimester when tissues/organs forming rapidly
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Term
| Pregnancy Metabolic Changes |
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Definition
| Basal metabolism increases 5-20%; fat becomes primary energy fuel |
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Term
| Calorie and Nutrient Needs during Pregnancy |
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Definition
•Pregnant women need more calories, protein, and essential nutrients than non-pregnant women
•Pregnant women need only 15% more calories, but 50% more of various micronutrients
•High nutrient requirements mean pregnant women should increase intake of nutrient-dense foods
•Increased calorie requirements after first trimester:
–Extra 340 calories in second trimester
–Extra 450 calories in the third trimester
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Term
| Recommended weight gain during pregnancy |
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Definition
•Underweight women: 28-40 lbs.
•Normal-weight women: 25-35 lbs.
•Overweight women: 15-25 lbs.
•Obese women: 11-20 lbs.
•Pregnant with twins: 37-54 lbs.
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Term
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Definition
•Folate deficiency associated with fetal growth failure, malformations, and neural tube defects
•Adequate folate intake before & early in pregnancy reduces neural tube defects
•600mcg folate needed daily
•Neural tube forms during first 30 days following conception
•Mandatory fortification grain-based products with folic acid
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Term
| Vitamin A during pregnancy |
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Definition
•Vitamin A overdoses before and very early in pregnancy increase risk that babies have malformations of facial features and heart
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Term
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Definition
•Calcium needed for mineralization of bones in fetus and to maintain mother’s bone health
•As fetal needs take priority, low calcium intake means calcium losses from bones during pregnancy
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Term
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Definition
•Most common deficiency in pregnant women
•Iron needs increase significantly during pregnancy due to increases in maternal hemoglobin production and storage by fetus
•Difficult to get sufficient iron from foods
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Term
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Definition
•Deficiency associated with long labors and small and malformed infants
•Zinc absorption reduced when consumed with supplemental iron
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Term
| Vitamin D during pregnancy |
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Definition
•Supports fetal growth, addition of calcium to bones, and assists in programming genes that can influence development of chronic disease later in life
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Term
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Definition
Women who drink heavily during pregnancy at high risk for infants with malformations and retarded physical and mental development
No amount of alcohol is absolutely safe
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Term
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Definition
•Health risks associated with eating types of nonfood substances
•Young children and pregnant women are most likely to practice Pica
•Common forms are geophagia (clay or dirt eating), pagophagia (ice eating), amylophagia (laundry starch and cornstarch eating), or plumbism (lead eating)
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Term
| Benefits of breastfeeding |
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Definition
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•Enhanced immunity for the infant
•“Ideal” nutrition
•Reduces risk of food allergy
•Promotes infant oral motor development
•Less diarrhea and vomiting in first months
•Convenient & less expensive
•Chronic disease prevention
•Associated with higher IQs
•Promotes mother-infant bonding
•Facilitates contraction of uterus
•Reduces postpartum bleeding/hemorrhage
•May reduce risk of breast & ovarian cancer
•Promotes return to prepregnancy weight
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Term
| Caloric needs while breastfeeding |
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Definition
•RDA for calorie intake 15% higher for breastfeeding
•Breastfeeding actually takes 30% more calories
•Not all calories must come from diet
•Extra energy supplied from stored fat
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Term
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Definition
•Infants triple birthweight by 1 year
•Length increases by 50% in first year
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Term
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Definition
•Fat in cow’s milk less digestible than breast milk
•Contains less iron, more sodium, and more protein
•Risk of dehydration due to higher level of solutes
•Poor source of vitamin C, essential fatty acids, zinc, and other trace minerals
•Early introduction increases risk of milk allergy
•May introduce after 1 year of age when at least 2/3 of energy needs supplied by other foods
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Term
| Introduction of solid foods |
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Definition
-around 4-6 months
•Problems with early introduction
–Excessive calorie intake (overweight)
–Food allergies
–Gastrointestinal upset
–Replaces well-balanced nutrients in breastmilk or formula
•Solid foods are complementary to breastmilk or formula
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Term
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Definition
•4-6 months
–Iron-fortified infant cereal
•5-6 months
–Strained fruit and vegetables, infant fruit juice (not to exceed ~12 oz./day)
•6-8 months
–Mashed or chopped fruits and vegetables
•9-12 months
–Crackers, toast, cottage cheese, plain meats and poultry, egg yolk, finger foods
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Term
| foods to avoid during 1st year of life |
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Definition
–Honey (infantile Clostridium botulinum)
–Hot dogs, grapes, hard candies, raw carrots, popcorn, nuts, peanut butter (choking hazards)
–Skim milk (insufficient calories)
–Cow’s milk (allergy; may replace better suited nutrients in breast milk or formula)
–Egg whites (allergen)
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Term
| Childhood food preferences |
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Definition
[image]Food preferences are not inborn
[image]Food likes and dislikes almost totally shaped by environment:
− Which foods are offered
− How foods are offered
− How frequently a food is offered (rule of 15)
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Term
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Definition
[image]Between ages 2 and 10, children gain ~5 lbs and 2 to 3 in. in height per year
–Gains occur in accelerated growth periods or “spurts”
[image]Appetite increases, child stores fat prior to physiological “spurt”
[image]During this accelerated growth period, fat stores supply energy for growth
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Term
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Definition
[image]Girls: between 11 & 15
[image]Boys: between 12 & 17
[image]Onset age varies considerably
[image]Teens gain 50% of adult weight, 20-25% of adult height, and 45% of total bone mass
[image]At peak, girls gain ~18 lbs/yr; boys ~20 lbs/yr
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Term
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Definition
[image]Normal growth and positive health seen in children eating 21 - 35% of total calories from fat
[image]< 21% calories from fat correlated with impaired growth and development
[image]Fat intake > 35% correlated with obesity, low folate and vitamin C, & high saturated fat intake
[image]For children over age 3, 25 to 35% of calories from fat recommended
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Term
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Definition
[image]Diets of children over 2 years have:
–Too few vegetables and fruits
–Too little calcium, zinc, and vitamins E, D, C, and B6
–Too little dietary fiber
[image]Only ~9% eat 5 servings vegetables and fruits per day, most eat 2.5 or less
[image]Children get half of recommended dietary fiber
–Recommended intake: Age 1-3 yrs: 19 g/day;
Age 4-8 yrs: 25 g/day; Girls 9-13 yrs: 26 g/day;
Boys 9-13 yrs: 31 g/day
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Term
| Age related physiological changes |
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Definition
[image]Decreased
–Saliva production
–Digestive secretions
–Lactase secretion
–GI motility
–Cardiac output
-Blood volume
-kidney function
-liver function
-immune function
-vitamin absorption
[image]Increased
–Blood pressure
–Body fat
-bone loss
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Term
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Definition
[image]Genetic and age related
[image]Lifestyle
–sedentary lifestyle
–excessive alcohol intake, smoking
[image]Dietary
–insufficient calcium intake and absorption
–insufficient vitamin D (diet and sunlight exposure)
–high protein intake, high sodium intake, caffeine
–dietary restriction, weight loss, thinness
[image]Gender
–female; diminished estrogen levels at menopause
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Term
| Nutrient needs for older adults |
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Definition
[image]Need for calories declines with age
[image]Protein, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and calcium needs increase with aging
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Term
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Definition
[image]Refusal to maintain normal body weight through self-imposed starvation
[image]Affects 0.2 - 1.3 % population, mortality rate 5-10%
–College population: estimates of 10-25% females
[image]Distorted body image
–Obsession with body shape & weight
[image]Chronic restrictive dieting interspersed with self-starvations (occasional bulimic & binge behaviors)
[image]Denial of condition or weight change
[image]Tend to be perfectionists, introverted, reserved, possibly socially insecure
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Term
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Definition
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[image]Repetitive food binges accompanied by purging or compensatory behaviors
[image]Binge: consuming large amount of food in relatively short period of time with feeling of loss of control
[image]Purges: laxatives, diuretics, self-induced vomiting
[image]Compensatory: fasting, diet pills, excessive exercise
[image]Obsession with body shape and weight
[image]Occurs in 1 to 3% of young women and in about 0.5% of young males in the United States
[image]Chronic restrictive dieting
[image]Triggers for binge/purge: stressful or social event
[image]Tend to have poor coping skills, depression, other addictive behaviors/conditions
[image]Unlike those with anorexia nervosa, people with bulimia usually are not underweight or emaciated
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Term
| Physical Manifestations of Bulimia |
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Definition
[image]Weight fluctuations
[image]Amenorrhea
[image]Fatigue
[image]Dental caries and enamel erosion
[image]Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
[image]Metabolic acidosis from laxative abuse
[image]Vomiting may cause metabolic alkalosis, swollen salivary glands, sore throat, hormonal imbalances, broken blood vessels in face and eyes, cardiac abnormalities
[image]Gastric rupture, esophageal tears, cardiac arrhythmias
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Term
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Definition
[image]Individuals with BED are overweight or obese, 1/3 are male
[image]Binge eating behavior not accompanied by purge or compensatory behaviors
[image]Triggered by stressful events or dysphoric moods; Tend to have poor coping skills
[image]Usually in private setting with feeling of loss of control
[image]After binge display poor self-esteem, depression, shame, remorse, self-hatred
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Term
| Physical Manifestations of Binge Eating Disorder |
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Definition
[image]Obesity
[image]Increased risk for:
–Joint pain
–Breathing difficulties
–Cardiovascular disease
–Elevated blood cholesterol
–High blood pressure
–Gastrointestinal disturbances
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Term
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Definition
[image]Literally “fixation on righteous eating”
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