If you are mixing a 2,000lb batch of feed and need to include a TM at 1ppm, how much do you add?

1. 20lbs

2. 2lbs

3. 0.2lbs

4. 0.02lbs

5. 0.002lbs

2,000/1,000,000 = 0.002lbs

5. 0.002lbs

-Cobalt (Co)

-Iodine (I)

-Zinc (Zn)

-Iron (Fe)

-Copper (Cu)

-Manganese (Mn)

-Selenium (Se)

Considering its role in metabolism, why does a colbalt-deficient sheep look like it's thigh and cheek muscles are protruding and it is super skinny anywhere else?

1. Colbalt in an important component of muscle tissue

2. Co deficiency leads to lack of red blood cells, and muscles are starved for oxygen

3. Animals lacking in Co can't absorb enough energy to stay healthy

-goiter

-hairless animals at birth

Why does lack of iodine cause the thyroid gland to enlarge?

1. The gland becomes inflamed

2. Because it can't find enough iodine, the gland pulls in lots of fluid

3. The body's regulatory mechanisms think the gland needs to grow, so the tissue expands

-thyroid signals brain to slow production, but if there's an insufficient amount it continues to grow

3. The body's regulatory mechanisms think the gland needs to grow, so the tissue expands

-seaweed

-sponges

-now in salt :)

-poor growth

-parakaratosis

-male reproduction impaired

If signs of Zn deficiency occur in pigs even with adequate dietary Zn, possible solutions include:

1. Decreasing dietary Ca

2. Adding phytase to the diet

3. Looking for other deficiencies; the signs may not be unique to Zn deficiency

4. All of the above

4. All of the above

-anemia

-lack of placental transfer

-poor immune response

-most common in newborn pigs due to low Fe in sow milk

- one of the most common human nutrient deficiencies in the world

1. Fe (III) is converted to FE (II)

2. Ion gradients used to transport Fe (II)

3. Bound by ferritin in cell

4. Converted back to Fe (III) on release into bloodstream

Iron is more efficiently absorbed in a low pH environment. Where in the tract is it likely absorbed?

1. Mouth

2. Stomach/Duodenum

3. Illium jejunum

4. Cecum and colon

2. Stomach/Duodenum

Systemic Fe overload is occasionally a problem in humans, usually when...

1. Consuming too much meat and enriched bread

2. Iron excretion is blocked

3. Recieving repeated blood transfusions

Body tries not to absorb too much Fe

3. Recieving repeated blood transfusions

-metabolism of Fe via ceruloplasmin

-collagen and elastin synthesis

-normal hair and wool pigmentation

Copper deficiency can lead to poor oxygen delivery to tissues. Why?

1. Cu can transport oxygen in the bloodstream

2. Cu is required to maintain red blood cell count

3. Cu is needed for tissue utilization of oxygen

4. Cu completes with oxygen for hemoglobin binding

-sheep toxicity can occur with 10ppm Cu

-cattle can handle 100ppm Cu

-pigs can handle 250ppm Cu

-can be prevented by feeding high molybdenum diets

-tissue necrosis

-if coupled with vitamin E deficiency, can be traumatic

-poor bone development: poor calcification

-altered glucose metabolism

-perosis: slipped tendon

In addition to other effects, Mn deficiency during development impairs formation of ear bones, resulting in...

1. Loss of hearing

2. Poor balance

3. Lack of corrdination

4. All of the above

-'blind staggers'

-hoof separation

-required for maximal response to insulin

-high dietary chromium may help prevent insulin resistance

What animals may benefit from increased insulin sensitivity?

1. Animals undergoing excessive lipolysis

2. Meat animals with large amounts of fat storage

3. Obese pets

4. All of the above

-sulfates

-oxides

-chelates

-often show higher bioavailability than inorganic trace minerals

-much greater cost than inorganic trace minerals

-cost/benefit is hard to determine for an individual farm

When might an organic selenium source be most beneficial?

1. In mature animals at maintenance

2. In animals grazing in a region with adequate selenium in the soil

3. In animals with a high risk for infectious diseases

4. None of the above

allows animals to respond more quickly

3. In animals with a high risk for infectious diseases

A, D, E, K:

-can be stored in adipose tissue

-don't need on a daily basis

-toxicity can be a problem

B-vitamins, and C:

-minimal storage

-best if consumed daily

-toxicity not a problem

-1st fat soluble vitamin to be discovered

-required by all animals

-main precursor to vitamin A in plants is carotene

-absorption of vitamin A from the small intestine is energy dependent

-transported through the lymphatic system as an ester of a long-chain fatty acid

-in the liver the vitamin A is stored in Kupffer cells, released as free alcohol, and transported by lipoproteins

-dietary requirements for most species are 1,500 and 4,000IU/kg of diet

To get 1 IU of vitamin A, you can consume 0.3ug of all-trans retinol, or...

1. Less than 0.3ug of B-carotene

2. 0.3ug of B-carotene

3. More than 0.3ug of B-carotene

4. You can only get vitamin A activity by consuming retinol

lose some B-carotene

3. More than 0.3ug of B-carotene

-Rhodopsin synthesis in the retina of the eye is needed for normal night vision

-normal growth and maintenance of epithelial cells in the skin and digestive/respiratory/reproductive tracts

-bone growth

-antioxidant (can reduce cancers)

-night blindness

-anorexia

-scaly, rough skin

-poor reproduction

-one of the most common nutrient deficiencies in the world

What are the primary sources of vitamin A in the typical human diet?

1. Grains (wheat, corn)

2. Meats

3. Fresh vegetables

4. Supplements (vitamin pill)

need lipid present to absorb vitamin A and supplements rely on keratin

3. Fresh vegetables

-is toxic at anywhere from 10x - 1000x the requirement

-because vitamin A is lipid-soluble it can accumulate over time, and it is more difficult to prevent absorption

-causes vomiting, anorexia, hair loss, dermatitis

-D₂ and D₃

-D₂: supplements

-D₃: fish, meat

-sunlight activates enzymes in the skin that convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to D₃

If you don't spend much time in the sun...

1. You should consume more vitamin D₂ or D₃

2. You will be vitamin D deficient

3. Your skin will get darker, allowing you to produce vitamin D more efficiently

4. It has no effect on the amount of active vitamin D

-elevate Ca and P levels in the blood

-can influence metabolism of many types

-people who spend more time outside are less likely to get skin cancer

-abnormal skeletal growth

-inadequate bone mineralization (rickets, osteomalacia)

-hard to induce vitamin D deficiency in cattle

Why does vitamin D influence meat tenderness?

1. It prevents muscle calcification

2. It allows for muscle contractions

3. Calcium is required for muscle-degrading enzymes

4. None of the above

-Alpha-tocopherol (D and DL)

-tocopherols absorbed in jejunum

-form micelles with bile salts

-fat-soluble factor required for normal reproduction in rats

-antioxidant

-most expensive vitamin added to animal diets and is quite unstable (short shelf life)

-if added to meat it makes it more red and keeps the meat from being degraded

Why are antioxidants necessary?

1. Because second-hand smoke is so common

2. Because even normal metabolism produces some free radicals

3. Oxygen is a terrible thing

4. They are co-factors for many enzymes

2. Because even normal metabolism produces some free radicals

-cells die because there is no barrier

--mulberry heart disease

--liver necrosis

--white muscle disease

--muscular myopathy and dystrophy

-reproductive failure

-suseptible to becoming rancid

-can form free radicals

-toxicity=limited for a fat-soluble vitamin

How does vitamin E influence meat quality?

1. It greatly increases muscle growth

2. Promotes marbling

3. It causes myoglobin breakdown

4. It prevents tissue oxidation

-K₁: found in plants

-K₂: produced by bacteria

-K₃: synthetic

-involved with prothrombin production and blood clotting

-bacterial synthesis occurs in rumen and some in large intestine (ruminents are not supplemented)

-takes longer to clot blood

-typically try to eat their own feces (copraphagia)

-moldy hay (sweet clover) can have dicoumarol (active ingredient in rat poisoning)

-cattle die from internal bleeding

When would vitamin K toxicity likely occur?

1. Excessive consumption of K₁

2. Excessive consumption of K₂

3. Excessive consumption of K₃

4. Any/all of the above

-organic compounds

-little storage

-necessary for energy metabolism and TCA cycle

-microbes

-rarely supplemented in ruminants or hind-gut fermenters

-required in diet daily for most monogastrics

-pyruvate and lactate concentrations in blood increase

-polyneuritis (retration of head in chickens)

-berberi (nervous disorder in humans)

-numbness

-muscle weakness

-heart enlargement

Why does thiamin deficiency lead to brain or nerve disorders?

1. It is only used in nerve cells

2. It is transported directly to the brain after absorption

3. It is required for nerve impulses

4. Nerve cells use lots of energy, so TCA cycle breakdown hurts them first

cells start to break down in brain

4. Nerve cells use lots of energy, so TCA cycle breakdown hurts them first

-structural component of FAD

-requirement related to growth rate or energy related functions

-skin lessions

-poor growth

-curled-toe paralysis in poultry

Why are skin problems common for many B-vitamin deficiencies?

1. Skin cells turn over rapidly, and lack of energy prevents this growth

2. B vitamins are especially important in keratin formation

3. Skin cell membranes include B vitamins

4. B vitamins are important for delivering nutrients to the skin

1. Skin cells turn over rapidly, and lack of energy prevents this growth

-structural component of NAD

-can be synthesized from tryptophan

the 4 D's:

-diarrhea

-dermatitis = pellegra

-dementia

-death

Why does treating corn meal with lime [Ca(OH)₂] prevent pellegra?

1. The lime destroys a compound that causes the disorder

2. Lime treatment makes niacin more available for absorption

3. Lime can provide the same benefit to the body as niacin

-"goose stepping" - nerve damage

-hair loss and enteritis (disease of the gut)

Wait, I thought ruminants don't need B vitamin supplements! Why did the calf have hair loss?

1. Requirements are higher in growing animals, so B vitamins might need to be added

2. The rule doesn't apply to pantothenic acid

3. Pre-ruminant calves don't yet have microbes to synthesize B vitamins

-coenzyme involved with protein and amino acid metabolism/turnover

-low bioavailability in grians

-methyl donor

-nucleotide synthesis (DNA)

-blood cell formation

-homocysteine metabolism

-pregnancy increases folic acid requirement

-cofactor for several TCA cycle enzymes and for gluconeogenesis

-involved in energy production

-avidin in egg whites decreases biotin availability

-scaly skin

-cracked hooves

There is some evidence that biotin can improve hoof health in cows. This suggests that...

1. Biotin is not important for other body functions

2. Biotin production in the rumen is inadequate for maximal health

3. Ruminal microbes do not synthesize biotin

4. None of the above

2. Biotin production in the rumen is inadequate for maximal health

-amine that is a component of important molecules

-same class as a B vitamin, but not considered a vitamin

-cofactor in conversions of precursors into TCA cycle intermediates

-methyl transfer

-cobalt is required for ruminal synthesis

-involved with collagen synthesis

-antioxidant

-cofactor for several enzymes

-required only in primates and guinea pigs

Why isn't vitamin C required for monogastrics such as pigs?

1. Vitamin C has no function in swine physiology

2. They can get enough from hind-gut fermentation

3. Pigs are able to synthesize vitamin C, so it is not essential

-stability and potency decrease with storage

--sunlight

--humidity/moisture

--mineral premixes

--thermal processing of diets

-some vitamins can lose 3-50% of their potency with each month of storage

-need to closely manage premix inventory to keep fresh