Term
| branched-chain amino acids |
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Definition
| amino acids with a branching carbon backbone; these are leucine, isoleucine and valine. All are essential amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts; there are 11 nonessential amino acids. These are also called dispensable amino acids |
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Term
| semiessential amino acids |
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Definition
| amino acids that, when consumed spare the need to use an essential amino acid for their synthesis. Tyrosine in the diet for example spares the need to use phenylalanine for tyrosine synthesis. Also called conditionally essential amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| the amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts or at all and therefore must be included in the diet; there are nine essential amino acids. These are also called indispensable amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of amino acids bonded together, from 50 to 2000 or more |
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Term
| sickle cell disease (sickle cell anemia) |
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Definition
| an illness that reults from a malformation of the red blood cell because of an incorrect structure in part of its hemoglobin protein chains. The disease can lead to episodes of severe bone and joint pain, abdominal pain, headache, convulsions, paralysis, and even death |
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Term
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Definition
| alteration of a proteins three dimensional structure, usually because of treatment by heat, enzymes, acid or alkaline solutions, or agitation |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein-digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas to act in the small intestine |
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Term
| high quality (complete) protein |
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Definition
| dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids |
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Term
| lower quality (incomplete) protein |
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Definition
| dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids; together they yield a sufficient among of all nine and, so provide high quality (complete) protein for the diet |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins. In this way the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time |
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Term
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Definition
| network of one cell thick vessels that create a junction between arterial and venous circulation. It is here that gas and nutrient exchange occurs between body cells and the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| the space outside cells; represents one-third of body fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| the buildup of excess fluid in extracellular spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that cause a solution to resist changes in acid-base conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of nutrient stored within the body that can be mobilized when needed |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acid structure that remains after the amino group (-NH2) has been removed |
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Term
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Definition
nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism; major source of nitrogen in the urine, chemically NH2-C-NH2
O |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses; the person is said to be in protein balance |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which protein intake exceeds related protein losses, as is needed during times of growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a state in which protein intake is less than related protein losses, such as often seen during acute illness |
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Term
| protein-calorie malnurition (PCM) |
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Definition
| a condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of calories and protein. The deficiency eventually results in body wasting, primarily of lean tissue, and an increased susceptibility to infections |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease occuring primarily in young children who have an existing disease and consume a marginal amount of valories and insufficient protein in relation to needs the child generally suffers from infections and exhibits edema, poor growth, weakness, and an increased susceptibility to further illness |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease resulting from consuming a grossly insufficient amount of protein-calorie malnutrition. victims have little or no fat stores, little muscle mass, and poor strength. Death from infections is common |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin mixture of grains or legumes in milk or water |
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Term
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Definition
| an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation; also referred to as premature |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who eats only plant foods |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who consumes plant products and dairy products |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who consumes plant products, dairy products, and eggs |
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