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| collections of cells adapted to perform a specific function |
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| a group of tissues designed to perform a specific function- for example, the heart, which contains muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and so on |
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| a collection of organs that work together to perform an overall function |
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| compartments, particles, or filaments that perform specialized functions within a cell |
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| any of a class of fat-related substances that contain phosphorus, fatty acids, and a nitrogen-containing component. Phospholipids are an essential part of every cell |
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| a compound that speeds the rate of a chemical process but is not altered by that process. Almost all enzymes are proteins |
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| the fluid and organelles (except the nucleus) in a cell |
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| an organelle bound by its own double membrane and containing the chromosomes, the genetic information for cell protein synthesis and cell replication |
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| a specific segment on a chromosome. Genes provide the blueprint for the production of cell proteins |
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| a single, large DNA molecule and its associated proteins; contains many genes to store and transmit genetic information |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| the sit of hereditary information in cells; DNA directs the synthesis of cell proteins |
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| the single-stranded nucleic acid involved int he transcription of genetic information and translation of that information into protein structure |
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| information on DNA needed to make a protein is copied onto RNA |
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| cytoplasmic particles that mediate the linking together of amino acids to form proteins; may exist freely in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum |
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| the information contained in RNA is used to determine the amino acids in a protein |
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| Use of DNA information on a gene to produce a protein. Thought to be a major determination of cell development |
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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| an organelle in the cytoplasm composed of a network of canals running through the cytoplasm |
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| the cell organelle near the nucleus that processes newly synthesized protein for secretion or distribution to other organelles |
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| membrane-bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus; contains protein and other compounds to be secreted by the cell |
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| a cellular organelle that contains digestive enzymes for use inside the cell for turnover of cell parts |
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| a cell organelle that destroys toxic products within the cell |
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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| the main energy currency for cells. ATP energy is used to promote ion pumping, enzyme activity, and muscular contraction |
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| the surface cells that line the outside of the body and all external passages within it |
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| protein tissue that holds different structures in the body together some structures are made up of connective tissue- notably, tendons and cartilage. Connective tissue also forms part of bone and the nonmuscular structures of arteries and veins |
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| a type of tissue adapted to contract to cause movement |
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| tissue composed of highly branched, elongated cells, which transport nerve impulses from one part of the body to another |
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| nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism; major source of nitrogen in the urine |
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| the body system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. This system transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body and plays an important role in immune responses and regulation of body temperature |
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| a system of vessels and lymph that accepts fluid surrounding cells and large particles, such as products of fat absorption. Lymph eventually passes into the bloodstream from the lymphatic system |
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| the fluid, extracellular portion of the circulating blood. This includes the blood stream plus all blood-clotting factors. In contrast, serum is the fluid that remains after clotting factors have been removed from plasma |
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| a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
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| a microscopic blood vessel that connects the smallest arteries and veins; site of nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange between body cells and the blood |
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| a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart |
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| the portion of the circulatory system that uses a large vein (portal vein) to carry nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the intestines and portions of the stomach to the liver |
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| a clear fluid that flows through lymph vessels; carries most forms of fat after their absorption by the small intestine |
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| the body system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors. This system detects sensations, directs movements, and controls physiological and intellectual functions |
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| the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. Consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon |
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| the space between one neuron and another neuron (or cell) |
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| a compound made by a nerve cell that allows for communication between it and other cells |
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| a neurotransmitter from nerve endings and a hormone from the adrenal gland. It is released in times of stress and is involved in hunger regulation, blood glucose regulation, and other body processes. |
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| a hormone also known as adrenaline; it is released by the adrenal glands (located on each kidney) at times of stress. It acts to increase glycogen breakdown in the liver, among other functions |
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| a lipid and protein combination (lipoprotein) that covers nerve fibers |
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| the body system consisting of the various glands and the hormones these glands secrete. This system has major regulatory functions in the body, such as reproduction and cell metabolism |
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| a hormone-producing gland |
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| hormones produced by the thyroid gland that among their functions increase the rate of overall metabolism in the body |
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| a site in a cell at which compounds (such as hormones) bind. Cells that contain receptors for a specific compound are partially controlled by that compound |
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| the body system consisting of white blood cells, lymph glands and vessels, and various other body tissues. The immune system provides defense against foreign invaders, primarily due to the action of various types of white blood cells |
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| any substance that induces a state of sensitivity and/or resistance to microorganisms or toxic substances after a lag period; foreign substance that stimulates a specific aspect of the immune system |
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| proteins found in the blood that bind to specific antigens; also called antibodies. The five major classes of immunoglobulins play different roles in anti-body-mediated immunity |
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| blood protein (immunoglobulin) that binds foreign proteins found in the body. This helps to prevent and control infections |
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| an enzyme produced by a variety of cells; it can destroy bacteria by rupturing their cell membranes |
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| one of the formed elements of the circulating blood system; also called leukocytes. White blood cells are able to squeeze through intracellular spaces and migrate. They phagocytize bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as detoxify proteins that may result from allergic reactions, cellular injury, and other immune system cells |
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| a process which a cell forms an indentation, and particles or fluids entering the indentation are then engulfed by the cell |
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| the process by which large ingested molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down to produce basic nutrients that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract |
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| a process in which certain white blood cells come in contact with the invading cells to destroy them |
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| the body system consisting of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory structures such as the liver gall bladder, and pancreas. This system performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes |
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| the process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph |
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| gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) |
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| the main sites in the body used for digestion and absorption of nutrients. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Also called the digestive tract |
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| generally, the ability to move spontaneously. It also refers to movement of food through the GI tract |
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| a brothy, meaty savory flavor in some foods. Monosodium glutamate enhances this flavor when added to foods |
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| a starch-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands |
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| a thick fluid secreted by many cells throughout the body. It contains a compound that has both carbohydrate and protein parts. It acts as a lubricant and means of protection for cells |
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| starch-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands and pancreas |
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| fat-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas |
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| protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas |
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| a tube in the GI tract that connects the pharynx with the stomach |
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| the organ of the digestive tract and respiratory tract located at the back of the oral and nasal cavities commonly known as the throat |
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| the flap that folds down over the trachea during swallowing |
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| a moistened mass of food swallowed from the oral cavity into the pharynx |
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| a coordinated muscular contraction used to propel food down the gastrointestinal tract |
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| lower esophageal sphincter |
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| a circular muscle that constricts the opening of the esophagus to the stomach. Also called the gastroesophageal sphincter |
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| a mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food |
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| the ring of smooth muscle between the stomach and the small intestine |
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| the fingerlike protrusions into the small intestine that participate in digestion and absorption of food |
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| the intestinal cells that line the villi; these cells participate in nutrient absorption |
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| the ring of smooth muscle between the end of the small intestine and the large intestine |
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| terminal portion of the large intestine |
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| last portion of the GI tract; serves as an outlet for that organ |
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| a group of two sphinters (inner and outer) that help control expulsion of feces from the body |
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| an organ attached to the underside of the liver; site of bile storage, concentration, and eventual secretion |
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| a liver secretion stored in the gallbladder and released through the common bile duct into the first segment of the small intestine. It is essential for the digestion and absorption of fat |
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| enterohepatic circulation |
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| a continual recycling of compounds between the small intestine and the liver; bile acids are one example of a recycled compound |
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| the body system consisting of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and the ducts that carry urine. This system removes waste products from the circulatory system and regulates blood acid-base balance, overall chemical balance, and water balance in the body |
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| tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
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| tube that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
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| a measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale is 0 to 14. A pH below 7 is acidic a pH above 7 is alkaline |
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| a hormone secreted mostly by the kidneys that enhances red blood cell synthesis and stimulates red blood cell release from bone marrow |
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| erosion of the tissue lining, usually in the stomach or the upper small intestine. As a group these are generally referred to as peptic ulcers |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; includes aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (aleve) |
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| a breakdown product of the amino acid histidine that stimulates acid secretion by the stomach and has other effects on the body, such as contraction of smooth muscles, increased nasal secretions, relaxation of blood vessels, and changes in relaxations of airways |
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| a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions. Low doses of this class of medications are also available without prescription (e.g., omeprazole) prilosec |
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| a condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements |
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| a medication or other substance that stimulates evacuation of the intestinal tract |
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| the main sites of energy production in a cell. They also contain the pathway for oxidizing fat for fuel, among other metabolic pathways |
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