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| the state in which energy intake, in the form of food and beverages, matches the energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity. |
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| the state in which energy intake is greater than energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain. |
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| the state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss. |
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| an instrument used to determine the calorie content of a food. |
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| the minimal amount of calories the body uses to support itself in a fasting state when resting and awake in a warm, quiet environment. |
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| the amount of calories the body uses when the person has not eaten in four hours and is resting and awake in a warm, quiet environment. |
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| body weight minus fat storage weight equals lean body mass. |
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| the increase in metabolism that occurs during the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. This represents 5% to 10% of calories consumed. |
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| this term encompasses the ability of humans to regulate body temperature within narrow limits. Two visible examples of thermogenesis are fidgeting and shivering when cold. |
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| a specialized form of adipose tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body. |
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| a method of determining a body's energy use by measuring heat released from the body. |
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| a method to measure the energy use by the body by measuring oxygen uptake. |
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| weight divided by height squared; a value of 25 and above indicates overweight and a value of 30 and above indicates obesity. |
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Definition
| a method of estimating total body fat by weighing the individual on a standard scale and then weighing him or her again submerged in water. |
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Definition
| a method for estimating body composition that makes use of the volume of space taken up by a body inside a small chamber. |
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Definition
| the method to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current. The more fat storage a person has, the more impedance to electrical flow will be exhibited. |
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Term
| dual energy x-ray absorptiometry |
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Definition
| a highly accurate method of measuring body composition and bone mass and density using multiple low-energy x rays. |
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Definition
| the type of obesity in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area, defined as a waist circumference more than 40 inches in men and more than 35 inches in women; closely associated with a high risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. |
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Definition
| the type of obesity in which fat storage is primarily located in the buttocks and thigh area. Also known as gynoid or gynecoid obesity. |
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Definition
| two offspring develop from a single ovum and sperm and, consequently, have the same genetic makeup. |
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Definition
| often refers to the close regulation of body weight. It is not known what cells control this set point or how it functions in weight regulation. |
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Definition
| a region at the base of the brain that contains cells that play a role in the regulation of hunger, respiration, body temperature, and other body functions. |
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Definition
| a harmone made by adipose tissue in proportion to total fat stores in the body that influences long-term regulation of fat mass. |
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Definition
| breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage over-eating, such as snacking while watching television. |
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Definition
| altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating- for example, removing foods from sight and storing them in kitchen cabinets. |
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Definition
| changing one's frame of mind regarding eating- for example, instead of using a difficult day as an excuse to overeat, substituting other pleasures for rewards, such as a relaxing walk with a friend. |
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Definition
| forming a plan of action to respond to a situation in which overeating is likely, such as when snacks are within arm's reach at a party. |
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Definition
| tracking foods eaten and conditions affecting eating; actions are usually recorded in a diary, along with location, time, and state of mind. |
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Definition
| a series of strategies used to help prevent and cope with weight-control lapses, such as recognizing high-risk situations and deciding beforehand on appropriate responses. |
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Definition
| a group of medications that induce stimulation of the central nervous system and have other effects in the body. Abuse is linked to physical and psychological dependence. |
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Definition
| known also as protein sharing modified fast, this diet allows a person 400 to 800 kcal per day, often in liquid form |
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Definition
| the medical specialty focusing on the treatment of obesity. |
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Term
| adjustable gastric banding |
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Definition
| a restrictive procedure in which the opening from the esophagus to the stomach is reduced by a hollow gastric band. |
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Definition
| gastric bypass surgery performed on the stomach to limit its volume to approximately 30 milliliters. |
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Definition
| a body mass index below 18.5 |
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