Term
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Definition
| Simplified reaction: glucose (aq) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) |
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Term
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate. functions as a co-enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones. these reactions require energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. catabolic reactions release energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| often the hydrolysis of ATP occurs simultaneously with reactions that will use that energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes' activity. Many co-enzymes have B vitamins as part of their structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen (anaerobic) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 main phases of cell respiration: |
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Definition
| glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
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Definition
| is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of an amine group from a molecule. Usually occurs in the liver (urea-->urine) |
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Term
| t or f: carbohydrates, fats and proteins can all fuel cellular respiration when they are converted to molecules that enter glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to excess protein in the body? |
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Definition
| it is converted to fat. but this is inefficient and indirect. its priority is other roles. |
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Term
| what happens to excess carbohydrate in the body? |
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Definition
| it is converted to fat but this is an inefficient and indirect method. it's priority is glycogen stores. |
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Term
| what happens to excess fat in the body? |
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Definition
| it is efficiently converted to fat. |
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Term
| what is produced when glucose is not available in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| t or f: ketosis causes a suppression of the appetite. |
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Definition
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Term
| t or f: ketosis slows the metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| why does fat provide more energy? |
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Definition
| because the bonds in fat molecules are easily oxidized and result in more ATP. |
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Term
| what process consumes ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| alcohol increases or decreases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
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Term
| stages of liver deterioration: |
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Definition
| fatty liver, fibrosis, cirrhosis |
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Term
| alcohol metabolism adds __+ which form NADH. |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the production of NADH from consumption of alcohol a bad thing? |
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Definition
| other processes that need NADH cannot function |
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Term
| t or f carbohydrates decrease the absorption of alcohol? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does NADH impede TCA cycle? |
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Definition
| excess NADH blocks Acetyl CoA. Instead of being used for energy, they become building blocks of fatty acids. |
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Term
| what types of deficiencies are seen with alcohol addiction? |
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Definition
| impaired nutrient metabolism, especially B6, folate, thiamin deficiencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| signals from fat and intestines to stop eating. |
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Term
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Definition
| signal from stomach. hunger. |
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Term
| one pound of body weight is equal to ____ calories. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measures the heat energy released when foods are burned. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temp and control of appetite. |
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Term
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Definition
| the generation of heat; used in physiology and nutrition studies as an index of how much energy the body is expending. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure and increases fat storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| basal metabolic activities, physical activity, thermic effect of food and adaptive thermogenesis. |
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Term
| basal metabolism (basal metabolic rate, BMR) |
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Definition
| at rest, comfy, no food intake or activity. 2/3 of energy expenditure. supports basic processes of life. |
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Term
| energy expenditure: physical activity |
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Definition
| most variable, depends on muscle mass, body weight and activity. Can be significant in weight loss/gain, duration, frequency and intensity influence energy expenditure. |
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Term
| thermic effect of food (TEF) |
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Definition
| is estimated at 10% of total energy intake and involves digestion and absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma and changes in hormone status. |
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Term
| current standards on body weight |
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Definition
| take height and weight data, do not take into consideration body composition. |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose-->pyruvate +NADH+ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetyl CoA-->NADH+ATP+CO2-->FADH2, NADH |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| produces ATP from nutrients oxidized |
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Term
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Definition
| an anaerobic alternative to glycolysis |
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Term
| How do fats and proteins enter the main phases of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| fats-->acetyl coA, proteins-->krebs cycle |
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Term
| How does alcohol effect the brain? |
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Definition
| frontal lobe: judgement, reasoning/midbrain: speech,vision/cerebellum: voluntary muscular control/conscious brain: respiration and heart action. |
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