Term
| Structure of an amino acid: |
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Definition
| Central carbon, an amino group and an acid group on either side |
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Term
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Definition
| building blocks of proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine. |
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Term
| a protein is made up of how many different amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| more than half of the amino acids are nonessential. This means: |
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Definition
| the body can synthesize it's own. |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs. |
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Term
| conditionally essential amino acid: |
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Definition
| amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bond that connects the acid end of one amino acid with the amino end of another, forming a link in a protein chain. |
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Term
| What kind of reaction forms a peptide bond? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the globular protein of the red blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body. |
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Term
| what causes denaturation in protein? |
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Definition
| acid, heat, base, alcohol, heavy metals or other agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| a gastic enzyme that hydrolyzes protein. pepsin is secreted in an inactive form, pepsinogen, which is activated by HCl in the stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that hydrolyzes protein. *small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds. |
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Term
| t or f, only 3000 of the 30,000 enzymes in the body have been studied. |
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Definition
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Term
| PS: Delivering the instructions |
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Definition
| Transforming the info in DNA into the appropriate sequence of amino acids needed to make a specific protein requires 1) a template strand. 2) specifying the order of amino acids. This is transcription and translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| collects amino acids from the cell fluid and bring them to the messenger. Unload an amino acid at a specific time in order to create the sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of amino acids in each protein determine its shape, which supports a specific function. if one amino acid sequence of a protein is mistaken, it can either go unnoticed or it can yield catastrophic effects. |
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Definition
| a hereditary disease caused by one misplaced amino acid for hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a cell converts the genetic code into RNA and protein. For example, pancreatic genes express for insulin and skin cells do not. |
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Term
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Definition
| switching genes on and off, without changing the genetic sequence itself is known as epigenetics. |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic substance that gives form to a developing structure; in the body, the formative cells from which the teeth and bones grow. |
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Term
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Definition
| the protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments, and the foundations of bones and teeth are made. |
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Definition
| proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process, protein catalysts. |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of the proper types and amounts of fluid in each compartment in the body. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| t or f, some of the body's hormones are proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| swelling due to excess interstitial fluid. *common in protein deficiencies. |
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Term
| protein-related causes of edema: |
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Definition
| 1. excessive protein losses caused by kidney diseases or large wounds (such as extensive burns) 2. Inadequate protein synthesis caused by liver disease. 3. Inadequate dietary intake of protein. |
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Term
| How do proteins keep the acid-base balance? |
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Definition
| Proteins often have a negative charge which attract H+ ions thus accepting and releasing and maintaining a normal level. |
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Term
| How do proteins work as transporters? |
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Definition
| they carry about nutrients and other molecules throughout the body fluids. |
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Term
| how do proteins act as pumps? |
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Definition
| they pick up compounds on one side of the membrane and release them on the other side as needed. |
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Term
| proteins work as __ to protect the body against disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| when the body detects viruses or antigens, it manufactures: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| giant protein molecules designed specifically to combat antigens. |
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Term
| How does the body work up it's immunity? |
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Definition
| when antigens are recognized, antibodies form to treat a specific threat. Each time that antigen returns, the army of antibodies is up and running that much more quickly to fight it off. |
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Term
| t or f, amino acids can be broken down and made into glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the degradation and synthesis of protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids from both the body and the diet that contribute to the synthesis of proteins throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the amount of nitrogen consumed and excreted during a certain period of time |
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Term
| using amino acids to make other compounds: |
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Definition
| example: tyrosine can be used to make neurotransmitters or melanin. |
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Term
| t or f, there is a specialized storage form of protein similar to that of carbohydrate and fat. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the stripping of amino group from an amino acid. this produces ammonia -->urea |
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Term
| t or f, excess proteins are converted to fat |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contain all essential amino acids and possibly some non-essentials. |
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Term
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Definition
| animal proteins digest at 90-99% whereas plant proteins digest at 70-90% |
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Term
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Definition
| essential amino acids found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protein synthesis. (Lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan) |
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Term
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Definition
| a standard against which to measure the quality of other proteins. *preschool age children |
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Term
| % daily value for proteins |
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Definition
| are not mandatory but if a claim is made about the protein or if the food is intended for <4 the quality and quantity of the protein must be determined. |
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Term
| protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) |
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Definition
| a deficiency of protein, energy or both, including kwashiorkor, marsmus and instances in which they overlap. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in children who are thin for their height. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in children who are short for their age |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic PEM that results from a sever deprivation or impaired absorption of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| (acute PEM) reflects a sudden and recent deprivation of food. typically sets in between 18 months and 2 years. |
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Term
| combination of marasmus/kwashiorkor |
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Definition
| characterized by the edema of kwashiorkor with the wasting of marasmus. most often, the child suffers the effects of both malnutrition and infections. |
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Term
| excess protein is correlated to these chronic diseases: |
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Definition
| heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, kidney disease, obesity |
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Term
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Definition
| .8g/kg/day/ 10-35% of energy intake |
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Term
| possible benefits of amino acid supplements: |
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Definition
| herpes suppression, sleep benefits, pain. |
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Term
| risks of taking amino acid supplements: |
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Definition
| limited absorption of other amino acids, toxicity |
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