Term
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Definition
| body weight above a healthy weight; BMI 25-29.9 |
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Term
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Definition
| body weight below a healthy weight; BMI below 18.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's fat tissue. adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes the hormone leptin (involved in appetite regulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight |
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Term
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Definition
| Overfatness with adverse health effects, as determined by reliable measures and interpreted with good medical judgement. Obesity is officially defined as a BMI of 30 or higher. |
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Term
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Definition
| the progressive, relentless loss of the body's tissues that accompanies certain diseases and shortens survival time |
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Term
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Definition
| fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs; also called intra-abdominal fat |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess fat in the abdomen and around the trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| fat stored directly under the skin |
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Term
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Definition
-protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells
-regulate inflammatory processes and energy metabolism in the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| an indicator of obesity or underweight, calculated by dividing weight by the square of the person's height |
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Term
| Obesity elevates the risk of these major conditions: |
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Definition
Hypertension
Heart Disease
Stroke
Diabetes
Certain cancers |
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Term
| Factors affecting body fat distribution: |
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Definition
Gender
Menopause in women
Smoking
Alcohol intake
Physical intake |
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Term
| Three indicators used to evaluate risks from obesity: |
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Definition
Body mass index
Waist circumference
Disease risk profile and family medical history |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum total of all the involuntary activities that are necessary to sustain life, including circulation, respiration, temperature maintenance, hormone secretion, nerve activity, and new tissue synthesis, but excluding digestion and voluntary activities. Basal metabolism is the largest component of the average person's daily energy expenditure. |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional activities (such as walking, sitting, or running) conducted by voluntary muscles |
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Term
| thermic effect of food (TEF) |
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Definition
| the body's speeded up metabolism in response to having eaten a meal; also called diet-induced thermogenesis |
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Term
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| the rate at which the body uses energy to support its basal metabolism |
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Term
| Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) |
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Definition
| the DRI recommendation for energy intake, accounting for age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity |
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Term
| To estimate basal energy output: |
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Definition
- Men: kg body weight x 24 = calories/day
- Women: kg body weight x 23 = calories/day
(to convert pounds to kilograms, divide pounds by 2.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm, below the shoulder blade, or in other places using a caliper |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of density and volume used to determine body fat content |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for measuring body fatness by measuring the body's electrical conductivity |
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Term
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Definition
| the physiological need to eat, experienced as a drive for obtaining food; an unpleasant sensation that demands relief |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of fullness that builds throughout a meal, eventually reaching the degree of fullness and satisfaction that halts eating. Satiation generally determines how much food is consumed in one sitting |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of fullness that lingers in the hours after a meal and inhibits eating until the next mealtime. Satiety generally determines the length of time between meals |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released by the stomach that signals the hypothalamus of the brain to stimulate eating |
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Term
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Definition
| the physiological desire to eat; a learned motivation and a positive sensation that accompanies the sight, smell, or thought or appealing foods |
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Term
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Definition
| brain compounds that reduce pain and produce pleasure in ways similar to opiate drugs. in appetite control, endorphins are released on seeing, smelling, or tasting delicious food and may enhance the drive to eat or continue eating |
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Term
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Definition
| an appetite-suppressing hormone produced in the fat cells that conveys information about body fatness to the brain; believed to be involved in the maintenance of body composition |
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Term
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Definition
| the generation and release of body heat associated with the breakdown of body fuels. adaptive thermogenesis describes adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as cold and to physiological events such as underfeeding or trauma |
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Term
| Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) |
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Definition
| a type of adipose tissue abundant in hibernating animals and human infants and recently identified in human adults. Abundant pigmented enzymes of energy metabolism give BAT a dark color under a microscope; the enzymes release heat from fuels without accomplishing other work. Also called brown fat. |
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Term
| Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) |
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Definition
| Energy expenditure associated with everyday spontaneous activities, as opposed to consciously undertaken physical activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the buildings, roads, utilities, homes, fixtures, parks, and all other man-made entities that form the physical characteristics of a community |
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Term
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Definition
| urban and rural low-income areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious foods |
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Term
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Definition
| acidic compounds derived from fat and certain amino acids. normally rare in the blood, they help to feed the brain during times when too little carbohydrate is available |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the energy provided by a food relative to its weight (calories per gram) |
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Term
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Definition
| a disturbance in the daily eating rhythm associated with obesity, characterized by no breakfast, more than half of the daily calories consumed after 7pm, frequent nighttime awakenings to eat, and often a greater total calorie intake than others |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinically severe overweight, presenting very high risks to health; the condition of having a BMI of 40 or above; also called morbid obesity |
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Term
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Definition
| Pertaining or made from plants; any drug, medicinal preparation, dietary supplement, or similar substance obtained from a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| a term properly used to describe dimpled fat tissue on the thighs and buttocks |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's belief in his or her ability to succeed in an undertaking |
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Term
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Definition
| periods of returning to old habits |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated rounds of weight loss and subsequent regain, with reduced ability to lose weight with each attempt; also called yo-yo dieting |
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Term
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Definition
| Alteration of behavior using methods based on the theory that actions can be controlled by manipulating the environment factors that cue, or trigger, the actions |
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Term
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Definition
| As taught in behavior therapy, changes to conscious thoughts with the goal of improving adherence to lifestyle modifications; examples are problem-solving skills or the correction of false |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases that are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microbes and can be transmitted from one person to another through air, water, or food; by contact;or through vector organisms such as mosquitos and fleas |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases characterized by slow progression, long duration, and degeneration of body organs due in part to such personal lifestyle elements as poor food choices, smoking, alcohol use, and lack of physical activity. Also called lifestyle diseases, degenerative diseases, or the diseases of old age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is transmitted primarily by sexual contact, contact with infected blood, needles shared among drug users, or fluids transferred form an infected mother to her fetus or infant. |
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Term
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Definition
| factors known to be related to diseases but not proved to be causal |
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Term
| CVD - Cardiovascular disease |
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Definition
| A general term used for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of CVD. When the arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle become blocked, the heart suffers damage known as coronary heart disease (CHD) |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common form of cardiovascular disease; characterized by plaques along the inner walls of the arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| mounds of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls in atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the body's immune defense against injury, infection, or allergens,marked by increased blood flow, release of chemical toxins, and attraction of white blood cells to the affected area |
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Term
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Definition
| large scavenger cells of the immune system that engulf debris and remove it |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny cell-like fragments in the blood, important in blood clot formation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a thrombus that has grown enough to close a blood vessel. a coronary thrombosis closes off a vessel that feeds the heart muscle. a cerebral thrombosis closes off a vessel that feeds the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a thrombus that breaks loose and travels through the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| an embolus that causes sudden closure of a blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| the event in which the vessels that feed the heart muscle become closed off by an embolism, thrombus, or other cause with resulting sudden tissue death. a heart attack is also called a myocardial infarction |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden shutting off of the blood flow to the brain by a thrombus, embolism, or the bursting of a vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| the ballooning out of an artery wall at a point that is weakened by deterioration |
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Term
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Definition
| the large, primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of characteristic factors - high fasting blood glucose or insulin resistance, central obesity, hypertension, low blood HDL cholesterol, and elevated blood triglycerides - that greatly increase a person's risk for CVD. Also called syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects arterial pressure caused by the contraction of the heart's left venticle |
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Term
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Definition
| reflects the arterial pressure when the heart is between beats |
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Term
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Definition
| borderline blood pressure between 120 over 80 and 139 over 89, an indication that hypertension is likely to develop in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute |
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Term
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Definition
| the resistance to pumped blood in the small arterial branches that carry blood to tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a cancer-causing substance |
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Term
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Definition
| An event, probably occurring in a cell's genetic material, caused by radiation or by a chemical carcinogen that can give rise to cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| The origin or beginning of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors that do not initiate cancer but speed up its development once initiation has taken place |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of cancer cells from one body part to another, usually by way of the body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| the drop in cancer incidence seen whenever intake of food energy (calories) is restricted |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds in foods that act in any of several ways to oppose the formation of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| Vegetables with cross-shaped blossoms - the cabbage family. their intake is associated with low cancer rates in human populations. Examples are broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, rutabagas, and turnips |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of human gestation from eight weeks after conception until the birth of an infant |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of human gestation from the third to the eighth week after conception |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm; the ability to reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
| a birthweight of less than 5.5 lbs; used as a predictor of probably health problems in the newborn and as a probable indicator or poor nutrition status of the mother before and/or during pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The womb, the muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ of pregnancy in which maternal and fetal blood circulate in close proximity and exchange nutrients and oxygen and wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of about 40 weeks (three trimesters) from conception to birth; the term of a pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the rope-like structure through which the fetus's veins and arteries reach the placenta; the route of nourishment and oxygen into the fetus and the route of waste disposal from the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| the "bag of waters" in the uterus to which the fetus floats |
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Term
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Definition
| Production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant |
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Term
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Definition
| the egg, produced by the mother, that unites with a sperm from the father to produce a new individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the product of the union of ovum and sperm; a fertilized ovum |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of development, during the first two weeks after conception, in which the fertilized egg embeds itself in the wall of the uterus and begins to develop |
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Term
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Definition
| a period representing gestation. a trimester is about 13 to 14 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| a finite period during development in which certain events may occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages. A critical period is usually a period of cell division in a body organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems such as premature delivery, difficult birth, retarded growth, birth defects, and early infant death. |
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Term
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Definition
| the embryonic tissue that later forms the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of nervous system abnormalities caused by interruption of the normal early development of the neural tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| an uncommon and always fatal neural tube defect in which the brain fails to form |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most common types of neural tube defects in which gaps occur in the bones of the spine. often the spinal cord bulges and protrudes through the gaps, resulting in a number of motor and other impairments |
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Term
| Environmental Tobacco Smoke |
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Definition
| the combination of exhaled smoke and smoke from lighted cigarettes, pipes, or cigars that enters the air and may be inhaled by other people |
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Term
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Definition
| a serious foodborne infection that can cause severe brain infection or death in a fetus or newborn; caused by bacteria found in water and soil |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol spectrum disorders |
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Definition
| a spectrum of physical, behavioral, and cognitive disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| the cluster of symptoms including brain damage, growth retardation, mental retardation, and abnormal facial abnormalities seen in an infant or child whose mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy |
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Term
| Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder |
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Definition
| behavioral, cognitive, or central nervous system abnormalities associated with prenatal alcohol exposure |
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Term
| Alcohol related birth defects |
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Definition
| malformations in the skeletal and organ systems associated with prenatal alcohol exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal glucose tolerance appearing during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| in pregnant women, hypertension that is present and documented before pregnancy; in women whose prepregnancy blood pressure is unknown, the presence of sustained hypertension before 20 weeks of gestation |
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Term
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Definition
| high blood pressure that develops in the second half of pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| a potentially dangerous condition during pregnancy characterized by edema, hypertension, and protein the urine |
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Term
| Certified lactation consultant |
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Definition
| Health-care provider, often a registered nurse or a registered dietitian, with specialized training and certification in breast and infant anatomy and physiology who teaches the mechanics of breastfeeding to new mothers |
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Term
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Definition
| the chief protein in human breast milk |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor in breast milk that binds iron and keeps it from supporting the growth of the infants intestinal bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a milklike secretion from the breasts during the first day or so after delivery before milk appears; rich in protective factors |
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Term
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Definition
| to gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infants diet |
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Term
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Definition
| iron-deficiency anemia caused by drinking so much milk that iron-rich foods are displaced from the diet |
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Term
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Definition
| the fear of trying new foods, common among toddlers |
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Term
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Definition
| an immune reaction to a foreign substance, such as a component of food. Also called hypersensitivity by researchers |
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Term
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Definition
| large protein molecules that are produced in response to the presence of antigens to inactivate them |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that participates in causing inflammation; produced by cells of the immune system as part of a local immune reaction to an offending substance |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone of the adrenal gland that counteracts anaphylactic shock by opening the airways and maintaining heartbeat and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| unregulated meals, including fast foods, that compete side by side with USDA-regulated school lunches |
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Term
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Definition
| the period from the beginning of puberty until maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| the marked rapid gain in physical size usually evident around the onset of adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| a think, cartilage-like layer that forms new cells that are eventually calcified, lengthening the bone |
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