Term
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Definition
remove H+ from energy-yielding nutrients
H+ transferred to O- to form water
Energy transferred to ADP to generate ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
Contains niacin
Assists dehydrogenase reactions by accepting H+ and e- in oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Term
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Definition
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Contains riboflavin
Assists in dehydrogenase reactions by accepting H+ and e- in oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidizes food molecules to obtain energy |
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Term
| Anaerobic respiration of one glucose molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in cells with no mitochondria or cells that utilize it when there is no oxygen
Pyruvate is converted to lactate
Lactate is picked up by the liver
Liver synthesizes compounds used in aerobic metabolism from lactate |
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Term
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Definition
| Glucose is oxidized to pyruvate |
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Term
| Synthesis of acetyl CoA (transition reaction) |
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Definition
| Pyruvate is oxidized and joined with CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetyl CoA enters cycle producing NADH +H+, FADH2 and ATP |
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Term
| Electron Transport System |
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Definition
| NADH + H+, FADH2 are oxidized to NAD+ and FAD |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks down glucose (6-C) to two pyruvate (3-C)
May also use other simple CHO
Dual roles
Generates energy
Provides building blocks for cell compounds (e.g., glycerol)
Occurs in the cytosol
Requires 2 ATPs
Produces a total of 4 ATPs and 2 NADH
Under aerobic conditions, NADH can be converted to 2-3 ATPs |
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Term
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Definition
Acetyl-CoA (2 C) combines with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citrate (6 C)
Oxaloacetate is made from Carbohydrates. If you run out of carbohydrates, you run out of oxaloacetate, and aerobic metabolism ceases to function.
CoA is released
2 CO2 is released and eventually leaves the body via the lungs
Citrate is broken down to oxaloacetate again
**It (oxaloacetate) can only come from glucose. With out it the cycle slows down, not sustaining energy production. Low carbohydrate diet will rob the TCA cycle of this substance and ATP won’t be produced. |
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Term
| Electron Transport System |
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Definition
Passage of electrons along a series of electron carriers
Process called oxidative phosphorylation is how energy is derived from NADH + H+ and FADH2
Minerals involved
Copper-component of an enzyme
Iron-component of cytochromes |
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Term
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Definition
Glycogen breakdown
Fat breakdown
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of ketone bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Glycogen synthesis
Fat synthesis
Protein synthesis
Urea synthesis |
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Term
| special privileges of alcohol |
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Definition
Needs NO digestion & is quickly absorbed
~20% is absorbed directly across the walls of an empty stomach & can reach the brain within a minute
When stomach is full of food, alcohol has less chance of touching the walls & diffusing through, so its influence on the brain is slightly delayed |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme active in the stomach and the liver that converts ethanol to accetaldehyde |
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Term
| the liver can process ___ ounce of ethanal per hour |
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Definition
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Term
| the 2nd stage of liver deterioration: happens when fatty liver lasts long enough tat the liver cells die and form fibrous scar tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| process when you get a decrease in glucose and an increase in acetyl CoA |
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Definition
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Term
| a hormone produces by the pituitary gland that retians water and is depressed when consuming alcohol |
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Definition
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Term
| chronic alcohol abuse also leads to _________ |
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Definition
| deficiency of another B vitamin |
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