Term
| A protein hormone formed in the pancreas and secreted into the blood for the purpose of regulating carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition in which the body cells resist the action of insulin |
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Definition
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Term
| High levels of insulin in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition of low blood glucose level |
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Definition
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Term
| Also known as the insulin resistance syndrome. |
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Definition
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Term
| At least three health conditions found together central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, gout, polycystic ovary syndrome, and type II diabetes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Other conditions such as some forms of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other health conditions are often found with this syndrome. |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition of elevated triglycerides with low high-density -lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hereditary form of arthritis in which uric acid is built up in the blood and may be deposited in joints and other tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition that is often found with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia |
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Definition
Polycystic ovary syndrome
PCOS |
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Term
| Is insulin resistance related to genetics or lifestyle? |
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Definition
Both.
Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body cells resist the action of insulin |
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Term
| The theory related to the historical survival of groups of people or populations who withstood cycles of famine. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the criteria for metabolic syndrome diagnosis? |
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Definition
At least three of the following conditions found together.
Central obesity, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Gout, Polycystic ovary syndrome, And type II diabetes. |
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Term
| Based on genes, where geographically were people at the highest risk for insulin resistance? |
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Definition
| Insulin resistance is common in persons who and whose ancestors lived near the equator. Spanish, Native American, African, Asian, Pacific Islander |
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Term
| Risk factors for metabolic syndrome. |
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Definition
| Hyperinsulinemia, family history of diabetes, HTN, CVD, polycystic ovary syndrome and gout. |
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Term
| How does the Pima Indian stories related to genetics versus lifestyle in the development of diabetes and obesity. |
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Definition
| Pima Indians in southwestern United States have the highest rate of diabetes in the world but only in the last hundred years since the Gila river was rerouted to provide your irrigation to California resulting in a change in lifestyle. Pima Indians in Mexico still have a low rate of obesity and diabetes but have maintained their traditional diet and high physical activity levels. |
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Term
| A condition of low blood glucose level defined as a blood glucose level less than 70 mg/dL. |
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Definition
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Term
| High levels of insulin in the blood often associated with obesity and insulin resistance. |
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Definition
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Term
| *How is reactive hypoglycemia linked to hyperinsulineia? |
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Definition
| *Hyperinsulinemia can cause hypoglycemia. |
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Term
| Seven strategies to help prevent metabolic syndrome |
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Definition
Regular physical activity.
High-fiber foods.
Avoid excess refined carbs.
Emphasize unsaturated fats avoid saturated and trans fats.
Maintain ideal body weight.
Adequate sleep of about eight hours. |
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Term
| Diet strategy for the management of metabolic syndrome. |
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Definition
Fat intake as high as 35% with emphasis on monosaturated fat.
Inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids from Coldwater fish.
Carbohydrate intake 45 to 50% with emphasis on high-fiber sources in several small meals.
Increased exercise and low calorie intake.
Decrease inflammation with omega-3 fats high magnesium foods and increased antioxidants.
Moderate alcohol intake. |
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Term
| The form of cholesterol referred to as good cholesterol because it's high protein content allows transfer of cholesterol out of the bloodstream. |
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Definition
High density lipoprotein cholesterol
HDL |
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Term
| The form of cholesterol referred to as the bad cholesterol and strongly associated with heart disease consists of low levels of protein in the composition |
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Definition
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDL |
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Term
| What health problems are associated with obesity? |
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Definition
Inflammatory conditions.
Cholelithiasis.
Osteoarthritis.
Sleep apnea.
Medical problems associated with metabolic syndrome |
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Term
| Medical problems associated with metabolic syndrome: |
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Definition
| Hypertension, dyslipidemia, gout, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, early cardiovascular disease, certain forms of cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What region of United States has the highest rate of obesity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of body fat |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of adipose tissue or body fat. |
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Term
| How does insulin affect lipolysis and lipogenesis? |
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Definition
| Lean tissue muscle is insulin resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive food habits, High-fiber foods and slow-paced eating, Avoid rewording and comforting with food, Drink water, Include regular physical activity. |
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Term
| How many calories are needed to lose 1 pound? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a safe healthy amount of weight to lose per week? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much weight would a diabetic need to lose to help reduce glucose levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Variations of the low-fat approach: |
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Definition
Low-fat with additional focus on high-fiber foods or good carbohydrates.
Point system weight watchers lower points for foods high in fiber and low in fat.
Moderate sat with high-fiber therapeutic lifestyle changes TLC diet. |
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Term
| Theories behind weight-loss strategies: |
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Definition
Calorie control approach.
Low-fat approach.
Low carbohydrate approach.
Nonbiting approaches. |
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Term
| Rationale: insulin causes weight gain. |
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Definition
| The low carbohydrate approach. |
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Term
| Focuses on hunger and satiety to base food intake, and behavior modification. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Burns kilocalories.
Increases metabolic rate for up to 24 hours aerobic forms.
Increase in the number and function of mitochondria.
Improved hormonal balance.
Improved mood promoting better food choices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weight loss, Insulin sensitivity, Increased circulation. |
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Term
| Any form of exercise that requires an increased intake of oxygen such as brisk walking or running. |
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Definition
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Term
| Any exercise that does not increase the intake of oxygen, such as weigh lifting. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are surgical interventions appropriate for? |
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Definition
| Individual with Class 3 obesity or class 2 with high mortality risk. |
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Term
| Least invasive and reversible |
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Definition
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Term
| A form of weight loss , or bariatric surgery involving placing a band around the stomach to reduce its ability to expand with eating. |
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Definition
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Term
| Band and staples are used to create a small stomach pouch. Associated with malasorption. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The hardening and thickening of the walls of the arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A build up of plaque inside the arteries and blood vessels that leads to heart disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| CVA Cerebrovascular accident |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The formation of a thrombus or clot formed from platelets and other blood substances, which may partially or totally obstruct blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| Artery disease in the periphery of the body. |
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Definition
| Peripheral Arterial Disease |
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Term
| A condition of low cholesterol leves that may be related to underlying disease |
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Definition
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Term
| A elevation of specific lipoproteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides. |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition of elevated triglycerides with low high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition of excess fluid buildup in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish between the types of lipids. |
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Definition
| HDL( ) LDL(-) Triglycerides(-) |
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Term
| A form of atherosclerosis |
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Definition
| Peripheral Arterial Disease |
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Term
| Cardiovascular Disease CVD is also known as |
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Definition
Coronary Heart Disease CHD
Coronary Artery Disease CAD |
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Term
| Risk factors for CVD (ATP lll) |
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Definition
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Term
| What decreases risk for stroke? |
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Definition
| High fiber diet and fish (omega 3 fats) |
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Term
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Definition
Low saturated and trans fats
Low cholesterol
Increase soluble fiber
Lose weight (10%) helpful
Include omega 3
Increase monounsaturated fats (nuts, oils, avacados)
Follow AHA Theraputic Lifestyle Change Diet |
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Term
| How do stanols help lower cholesterol? |
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Definition
Inhibit absorptive process
(naturally occurring plant sterols, may interfere with absorption of certain nutrients.) |
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Term
| How do nuts decrease heart disease risk? |
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Definition
Vitamin E content and monounsaturated fats.
Other compounds found in nuts contribute to cardiovascular health, including fiber, phytochemicals, and the minerals potassium, and magnesium. |
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Term
| How does Chocolate decrease risk? |
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Definition
| Promotes vasodilation to lower BP and improve circulation and reduce oxidative stress. |
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Term
| Which electrolyte may help reduce the risk of CVD? |
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Definition
Magnesium
Improves endothelial health
Reduces arrhythmia and risk of heart failure
Acts as an HMG-Co reductase inhibitor
Reduces complications in CABG surgery |
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Term
| Factors Contributing to Hypertension |
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Definition
Obesity
Lack of exercise
HX of low birth weight
High ratio of Na to K intake
Deficiencies of Vitamin C, folic acid, zinc, and Mg
High intake of red meat
Chronic coffee intake
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Term
Benefits of exercise? How much exercise is recommended? What type?
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Definition
Minimum of 30 minutes on most days of the week.
Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises contribute to reduced CVD by reduced BP and increased HDL |
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Term
Biggest nutritional factor affecting people with heart failure?
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Definition
Sodium
(high intake may cause adema) |
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Term
| How do statins decrease cholesterol? |
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Definition
| Statins inhibit liver's production and lowers LDL and inflamation |
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Term
| A condition of excessive excretion of urine. |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition of exces thirst. |
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Definition
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Term
| A conditon of excess appetite. |
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Definition
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Term
| An eye disease found in persons with long-standing diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| An elevation of glucose in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerve disease of the autonomic or involuntary system, such as the digestive or respiratory system. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A condition characterized by functional disturbances and pathologic changes outside the central region of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| The common form of diabetes generally related to insulin resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| A form of diabetes occuring during pregnancy, usally between the 24th and 28th week of gestation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes gestational diabetes? |
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Definition
| Occurs during pregnancy after placenta is formed and is caused by placental hormones working in opposition to insulin. |
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Term
| Common SX of Hypoglycemia |
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Definition
Weakness
Confusion
Headache
Physical Tremors
Rapid Heart rate
Double or Blurred Vision
Clammy Skin |
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Term
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Definition
| 15g CHO, wait 15 min, if still lw give another 15g CHO, wait 15 min. |
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Term
| Maximum rise in BG with 15g CHO |
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Definition
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Term
| A test used to determine long-term diabetes management |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperglycemia vs Hypoglycemia |
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Definition
Not enough insulin
To much insulin |
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Term
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Definition
With type 1, CHO are balanced with short-acting insulin (usally 1 unit /15g CHO)
With type 2 CHO per meal are limited to individual tolerance (generally 30-50g CHO / meal) |
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Term
| Other nutritional management factors |
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Definition
Fiber lowers insulin requiremnets
Souble fibers lower lipids
Cinnamon reduces BG 20-30% abd further lowers LDL and triglycerides
Alcohol increases both insulin sensitivity and risk of hypoglycemia |
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Term
| Benefits of exercise in Diabetes |
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Definition
Type 2 (lowers insulin resistance, promotes weight goals)
All types
Promotes circulation
Helps use BG for energy needs with resulting lowered BG levels |
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Term
| Any disease of the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| A disorder of the glomeruli involving edema, hypertension, and hematuria |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition involving edema, proteinuria hypoalbuminuria, and susceptibility to infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Hardening of the kidney related to chronic hypertension |
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Definition
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Term
| The urea nitrogen concentration found in blood |
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Definition
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Term
| A nitrogen compound used in the laboratory test to indicate renal function |
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Definition
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Term
| High serum blood potassium level |
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Definition
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Term
| The final stage of renal disease associated with severe azotemia include symptoms of headache muscular twitching mental disturbances nausea and vomiting |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition of decreased urinary output |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition of lack of urinary excretion |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Reduced protein intake
Mild potassium restriction
Mild sodium restriction
Inclusion of Omega 3 |
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Term
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Definition
Kidney stones
(Calcium oxalate stones and uric acid stones) |
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Term
| Electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated sodium level in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Maintain proper metabolism and hormone balance.
Reabsorbing important body constituents such as electrolytes
Excreting toxins through the 1 million nephrons |
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Term
| Risk factors related to nephropathy |
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Definition
Genetics
Hypertension
Hyperglycemia
Smoking
Older age
Male gender
High-protein diet
UTIs
Orlistat
Contrast dies
IGA nephropathic maybe do two unrelated celiac |
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Term
| Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease |
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Definition
Elevated BUN and creatinine
Hyperkalemia and hypernatremia
Fluid retention with edema
Imbalances of serum calcium and phosphate
Anemia |
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Term
| Nutritional treatment of chronic kidney disease |
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Definition
Low phosphate diet to control serum phosphate level
Low potassium diet
2-g sodium diet if albumin normal
Maximum .8 g PRO per kg body weight
High-fiber diet helps bind and excrete excess nitrogen with fecal loss |
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Term
| Protein needs with CKD versus ESRD with dialysis |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Helps lower insulin resistance and control blood glucose and blood pressure
Helps reduce CVD
Maintains quality of life
Improved variety of health outcomes associated with the Katie |
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