Term
| The primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a nutrient is absorbed |
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Term
| Size of the Small Intestine |
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Definition
Diamter: 1 inch
Length: 20 feet |
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Term
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Definition
1. Gastroesophageal > controls flow from esophagus to stomach
2. Pyloric > regulates the flow of the food from the stomach into the duodenum
3. The Sphincter of Oddi > regulates the passage of secretions from the common bile duct into the duodenum
4. Ileocecal > controls the flow of food between the small and large intestines
5. Anal > regulates the passage of feces through the anal canal |
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Term
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Definition
| Beginning of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Synthesized in the Liver
Stored in the Gallbladder
Acts as a detergent emulsifying large globules of fat into smaller droplets. |
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Term
| Types of Cell Membrane Transports |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Types:
- carrier
- mediated
- vesicular active transport
- endocytosis
- exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| an autoimmune response to the protein GLUTEN that damages the absorbtive surface of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
Types:
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion
- osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that typically effects the lower GI tract causing abdominal pain muscle spasms, diarrhea, and/or constipation. |
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Term
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
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Definition
| A condition cause by the weakening of the Gastroesophageal sphincter which enables gastric juices to reflux into the esophagus, causing irritation to the mucosal lining |
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Term
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Definition
| A blood vessel that circulates blood to the liver from the GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Gastroesophageal Sphincter
Stomach
Pyloric Sphincter
Duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
Small Intestine
Ileocecal Sphincter
Large Intestine
Anal Sphincter |
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Term
| Parts of the Small Intestine |
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Definition
Pyloric Sphincter
Sphincter of Oddi
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Ileocecal Sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| carries material from the cecum (start of the large intestine) into the rectum, a portion of the Large Intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| the circulatory system made up of vessels and lymph that flows from organs and tissues, drains excessive fluid from spaces that surround cells, picks up dietary fats from the digestive tract, and plays a role in immune function |
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Term
| GI Tract: Muscular Contractions |
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Definition
Peristalsis >propulsive
Segmentation > mixing |
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Term
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Definition
| biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions that breakdown complex food particles |
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Term
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Definition
| coats and protects mucus membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| provide communication and regulate GI motility and release of GI secretions |
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Term
Muscular Layers of GI Tract
(outside to inside) |
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Definition
Surosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalic > before food enters mouth
Gastric > arrival of food in stomach
Intestinal > from the small intestine on |
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Term
| Primary Function of Glucose |
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Definition
| Source of ENERGY to cells |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds react with water |
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Term
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Definition
| when molecules are bonded together with the release of a molecule of water |
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Term
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Definition
carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides bonded together:
Lactose
- galactose, glucose
Sucrose
- glucose, fructose
Maltose
- glucose, glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
which makes
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to digest the milk/sugar lactose, caused by the lack of the enzyme lactase |
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Term
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Definition
| complex carbohydrate made of ten or more monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharides consisting of highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules found primarily in liver and skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Difference between STARCH and FIBER |
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Definition
Starch is DIGESTIBLE
and Fiber IS NOT
WHY: fiber contains b glycosidic bonds that starches don't. |
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Term
| Diverticula, -itis, -osis |
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Definition
Diverticula - pouches formed along the intestinal wall
Diverticulosis - a disease where you have diverticula
Diverticulitis - inflamation of the diverticula |
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Term
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Definition
How: digestive enzymes break glycosidic bonds
When: as they move through the GI Tract
Where: Begins in the mouth and continues through GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharides are taken up by the absorptive cells in the small intestine, sometimes with energy required active transport mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
- metabolic process called glycogenolysis that occurs in the liver
- occurs in the response to the hormone epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| classifies foods according to their relative glycemic response |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to increased blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells in response to decreased blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in response to stress helps increase blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic compound made from fatty acids in the liver stimulated by the hormone glucagon and used as an energy source during starvation, fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or uncontrolled diabetes. |
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Term
| Benefits of FIBER in the diet |
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Definition
- Increase stool weight and fecal volume
- helps normalize blood glucose levels
- reduce blood cholesterol levels
- Nourishes cells that line the colon
- promotes selective growth of beneficial bacteria
- helps inhibit the growth of disease-causing bacteria |
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Term
| Components of AMINO ACIDS |
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Definition
1. Central Carbon bonded to a Hydrogen
2. Amino Group containing Nitrogen
3. Carboxylic Acid Group |
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Term
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Definition
A food that contains all the essential amino acids:
meat, milk, fish, eggs, soy |
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Term
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Definition
| Alteration of protein's three-dimensional structure by heat, acids, enzymes, or agitation |
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Term
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Definition
| looks for high bioavailabilty and has complete protein source |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which mRNA is made using DNA as a template |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on rhibosomes using mRNA and tRNA (builds proteins) |
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Term
| Primary Structure (of proteins) |
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Definition
| the sequence of amino acids that make up a single polypeptide chain |
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Term
| Secondary Structure (of proteins) |
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Definition
| Folding of a protein because of hydrogen bonds that form between elements of the amino acid backbone |
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Term
| Secondary Structure (of proteins) |
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Definition
| Folding of a protein because of hydrogen bonds that form between elements of the amino acid backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of an amino group from an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| signs of how genetics and nutrition together influence health |
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Term
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Definition
Disassembles food proteins into amino acids that are then absorbed and circulated to cells where they are reassembled into the exact proteins that we need.
- in stomach and small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| The bulk occurs in the duodenum through passive and active transport where they enter the blood and circulate into the liver. |
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Term
| Functional Classes of Proteins (with examples) |
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Definition
Structure
- muscle, skin, bone, hair
Catalysis:
- Enzymes
- amylase, lactase
Movement:
- Muscle Proteins
- muscle proteins
Transport:
- Membrane bound Proteins and Transport Proteins
- hemogolbin
Communication:
- Hormones and Cell Signaling Proteins
- testosterone
Protection:
- Skin, Blood Clotting, Antibodies
- fibrinogen |
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Term
| What happens to excess protein in the body |
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Definition
| they are converted to lipids through deamination |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation or swelling of the GI tract |
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