Term
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Definition
- closely related to the ageing process
- they are broken down and resynthesized
- measured by the nitrogen balance
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Term
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Definition
| to monitor protein intake |
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Term
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Definition
- Includes: milk, eggs
- Concern: Iron
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Term
Protein-Energy Malnutrition (types) |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you determine a person's protein requirement? |
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Definition
| 0.8 g protein/kg body weight recommended |
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Term
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Definition
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
- the primary is most important because it determines the protein's basic characteristics
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Term
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Definition
- when a protein unfolds in unusual ways
- denaturing agents:
- physical agitation, heat, detergents, acids, bases, salts, alcohols, heavy metals.
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Term
| How many calories per gram of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many calories per gram of protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many calories per gram of fat? |
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Definition
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Term
Protein Synthesis: Trascription |
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Definition
- when mRNA writes a copy of the DNA
- this is so it can be brought outside the nucleus
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Term
Protein Synthesis: translation |
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Definition
- mRNA binds to a ribosome
- tRNA reads the mRNA then builds a new protein
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Term
Protein Synthesis: Cell Signaling |
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Definition
- when a protein or other compound in the cell membrane signals that transcription should be started or stopped
- starting is called up-regulation
- stopping is called down-regulation
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Term
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Definition
- water-loving
- Short- & medium-chain fatty acids
- Transported into enterocytes without further assistance
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Term
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Definition
- water-fearing compounds
- Long-chain fatty acids, monoglycerides, lysophosphoipids, cholesterol
- The longer the chain of the fatty acid the more solid it can be
- Repackaged into micelle in lumen with assistance from bile then delivered into the mucosal sac
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that are liquid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that are solid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
- the end of a fatty-acid that has the carboxylic acid group
- a.k.a. the first carbon
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Term
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Definition
| the end of a fatty acid that has the methyl group |
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Term
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Definition
- single carbon bonds
- sources:
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Term
| Monounsaturated Fatty Acids |
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Definition
- Only one double bond
- Sources:
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Term
| Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
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Definition
- has at least two double bonds
- Sources:
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Term
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Definition
- Hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of double bond (one on top and one on bottom)
- Makes chain resemble saturated fat, while being unsaturated
- Sources: hydrogenated oils/fats
- Concerns: cause good cholesterol to go down and bad cholesterol to go up
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Term
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Definition
Linoleic (ω-6) Linolenic (ω-3) |
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Term
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Definition
- linolenic acid
- 18 carbons, 3 cis double bonds
- dilation of blood vessels
- Oils (soybean, safflower, corn, flaxseed)
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Term
| What is the dietary guideline for fats? |
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Definition
| no more than 10% of total calories |
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Term
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Definition
- Process by which some carbon-carbon double bonds found in PUFAs are converted to single bonds
- Produces trans fatty acids
- Trans fatty acids cause good cholesterol to go down and bad cholesterol to go up
- Reduces spoilage & improves texture
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Term
| Structure of Triglycerides |
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Definition
a molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids |
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Term
| Structure of Phospholipids |
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Definition
- very similar to triglycerides
- instead of the third fatty acid they have a phosphate-containing polar lead group.
- They are amphipathic
- contain both polar and non-polar portions
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Term
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Definition
- lipid class of sterols/sterol esters
- multiring structures
- weak polar compound
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Term
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Definition
- the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides so they can be stored
- happens when there is excess energy
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol in order to be used for energy |
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Term
Ketones What are they? When are they produced?: |
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Definition
- alternative engergy source formed from fatty acids
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Term
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Definition
a specialized cell that is part of the adipose tissue (fat tissue) |
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Term
| What stimulates fat storage? |
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Definition
| Energy excess → Insulin stimulates triglyceride storage → Lipogenesis (Synthesis of fatty acids & triglycerides) |
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Term
| What stimulates fat breakdown? |
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Definition
- Low levels of insulin during hypoglycemia
- Exercise
- Physiological stress
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Term
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Definition
adipose tissue found directly under the skin |
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Term
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Definition
- linoleic acid
- 18 carbons, 2 cis double bonds
- Makes arachidonic acid
- inflamation
- nuts and seeds
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds the vital organs |
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Term
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Definition
- Spherical particle made of varying amounts of triglycerides, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, proteins
- The higher the content of triglycerides the lower the density
- Transport lipids (hydrophobic substances around inside hydrophilic blood)
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Term
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Definition
- made from glucose and fatty acids
- animal products
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Term
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Definition
| produced by the salivary glands that hydrolyze fatty acids from glyceral molecules (triglycerides) |
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Term
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Definition
- Smaller stable lipid particles
- Increase surface area of lipid
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Term
| What hormone stimulates the gallbladder? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Phase 1: emulsification of lipids by bile Phase 2: digestion of triglycerides by pancreatic lipase |
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Term
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Definition
- a way of measuring protein turnover
- negative balance is bad
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Term
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Definition
- Includes: milk
- Concern: Iron
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Term
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Definition
- Includes: no animal product
- Concerns: calcium, zinc, iron, vitamin B12
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Term
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Definition
- type of protein-energy malnutrition
- All out starvation
- skin and bones appearance
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Term
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Definition
- What the first child gets when the second child comes
- Slight energy deficiency with significant protein deficiency
- Puffed bellies
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Term
| Primary Structure of Proteins |
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Definition
- Determined by DNA
- Every proteins primary structure is unique, making it a unique molecule
- determines the protein's major characteristics
- one variation in this structure can cause serious disease
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Term
| Secondary Structure of Proteins |
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Definition
- the three-dimensional shape of the protein
- created by +/- charges of the amino and carboxylic acid groups
- form weak hydrogen bonds
- most common structures
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Term
| Tertiary Structure of Proteins |
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Definition
- additional folding of the protein
- due to R-groups
- form disulfide bonds
- very strong
- distrupting them can ruin the structure
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Term
| Quarternary Protein Structure |
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Definition
- several polypeptide chains that come together to form the final protein
- only applies to proteins with more than one polypeptide chain
- can also have non-protein parts called prosthetic groups
- are essential to the protein's function
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Term
| Essential Water-Soluble Vitamins |
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Definition
- Thiamin
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pantothenic Acid (B5)
- Vitamin B6
- Biotin
- Folate
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin C
- Choline
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Term
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Definition
Pellagra- “Rough skin”
- Four Ds
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
- Diarrhea
- Death
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Term
| Functions and Deficiencies of Vitamin B12 |
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Definition
Coenzyme that catalyzes: • Production of succinyl CoA
• Uses amino acids & fatty acids for ATP production
• Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
• Allows use of folate Deficiency Conditions: |
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Term
| Function and Coenzyme of Thiamin |
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Definition
- ATP production
- Needed for the citric acid cycle
- Synthesis of DNA and RNA
- Nerve Function
Coenzyme: TPP |
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Term
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Definition
- synthesize bile acids
- component of cell membranes
- help maintain fluidity
- synthesis of steroid hormones
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Term
| Functions and Coenzyme of Folate |
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Definition
- involved in the metabolism and interconversion of amino acids
- conversion of homocystine
- coenzyme - THF
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Term
|
Definition
- Coenzymes catalyze redox reactions related to energy metabolism
- Synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, & DNA
- Metabolizes vitamin C & folate
- NAD+
- Protein synthesis
- Maintenance, replication & repair of DNAGlucose homeostasis
- Cholesterol metabolism
- Lower LDL & increase HDL
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Term
| Recommendations for Cholesterol |
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Definition
- No DRI
- U.S. Dietary Guidelines
- Consume < 300 mg/day
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Term
| Deficiency Conditions of Vitamin C |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- an anitoxidant that recharges enzymes by acepting and donating electrons
- involved in the synthesis of carnitine
- protection from free radical damage
- enhances iron, copper, and chromium bioavailability
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Term
| Functions and Coenzymes of Vitamin B6 |
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Definition
- Coenzyme - PLP
- involved in over 100 chemical reactions related to metabolism of proteins and amino acids via transamination
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Term
| Deficiency Conditions of Thiamin |
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Definition
Beriberi - "i can't, i can't" dry, wet, infintile, cerebral |
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Term
| Functions and Coenzyme of Riboflavin |
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Definition
- converst vitamin A to folate
- converts triptophan to niacin
- forms vitamin B6 and K
- Metabolism of important neurotransmitters
Coenzyme: FAD
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Term
Deficiency Conditions of Riboflavin |
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Definition
| Ariboflavinosis - weakness, sores of the lips, inflamation of the mouth, inflammed tongue, anemia, confusion |
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Term
| Deficiency Conditions of Vitamin B6 |
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Definition
| microcytic hypochromic anemia - inadequate heme production |
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Term
Deficiency Conditions of Folate |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- Made by liver
- Contains large amounts of triglyceride
- Delivers fatty acids to cells
- More dense than chylomicrons
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Term
|
Definition
- “Bad” cholesterol
- Delivers cholesterol to cells
- Can increases build-up of plaque
- High levels of LDL associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease
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Term
|
Definition
- “Good” cholesterol
- Lipoprotein made by liver that circulates in the blood to collect excess cholesterol from cells
- Lowest lipid-to-protein ratio
- Reverse cholesterol transport
- Salvages excess cholesterol from cells
- Transported back to liver
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