Term
| What are the six classes of nutrients? |
|
Definition
1.proteins
2.carbs
3.lipids
4.vitamins
5.minerals
6.water |
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Term
|
Definition
| promote growth and maintenance or repair |
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Term
| What are carbohydrates composed of? |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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Term
| How many kilocalories is 1 carb equal to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three types of monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
1.glucose
2.fructose
3.galactose |
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Term
|
Definition
-blood sugar/dextrose
-major source of energy, RBCs
**monosacchride** |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-levulose/fruit sugar
-sweetest sugar
**monosacchride** |
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Term
|
Definition
-milk sugar
-converted from glucose to galactose in mammary tissue
**monosacchride** |
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Term
| What is glucose converted to in mammary tissue? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| double sugars made up of 2 monosacchrides |
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Term
| What are the 3 disacchrides? |
|
Definition
1. sucrose
2. lactose
3. maltose |
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Term
|
Definition
-table sugar
-glucose+fructose
**disacchride** |
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Term
|
Definition
-milk sugar
-made of galactose and glucose
*disacchride** |
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Term
|
Definition
-plant sugar(beer, malt liquor)
-2 glucose molecules
-appears when starch is broken down
**disacchride** |
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Term
| What appears when starch is broken down? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the three polysacchrides? |
|
Definition
1.starch
2.glycogen
3.fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
-plant storage form of glucose
-amylase & amylopectin
-slowly digestible
-sores energy
**polysacchride** |
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Term
| What is nutritionally the most important carb? |
|
Definition
-starch
-found in rice, potatoes, etc |
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Term
| How much stored energy does glycogen provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-animal equivalent of starch
-glycogenesis
-not significant as a food source |
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Term
| WHat does glycogen do in the liver? The muscle? |
|
Definition
-liver- regulates blood sugar for the brain
-muscle- energy source for muscle contraction |
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Term
| How many grams of fiber should be consumed in a day? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 2 types of fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-insoluble in water(not digestible)
-increases peristalsis |
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Term
|
Definition
| the involuntary contraction of muscles of the intestines that cause substances to move forward |
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Term
| What is functional fiber? |
|
Definition
-soluble(digestible), mixes with water
-added to foods
-makes gel |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Where does digestion of polysacchrides occur? |
|
Definition
-initially in the mouth with enzyme saliva amylase
-then in small intestine with enzyme pancreatic amylase |
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Term
| Where do digestion enzymes for polysacchrides come from? |
|
Definition
| pancreas and small intestine |
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|
Term
| What is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme that breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme that breaks maltose down into two glucose molecules? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What happens to monosacchrides when they are digested? Glucose in particular? |
|
Definition
-sent into capillaries
-glucose goes directly into blood to be used as energy |
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Term
| What is a function of carbs in terms of protein? |
|
Definition
| spares protein so that it can be used for growth and repair |
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Term
| How do carbs help prevent ketosis? |
|
Definition
| by aiding in the oxidation(burning) of fats |
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|
Term
| What is the daily requirement for carbs? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| nutritive sweeteners that have calories but do not promote tooth decay |
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Term
| Why can nutritive sweeteners cause diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| because they are not readily absorbed by the small intestine |
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Term
| What are the three nutritive sweeteners/ sugar alcohols? |
|
Definition
-sorbitol
-mannitol
-xylitol |
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|
Term
| What is sorbitol made from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is mannitol made from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is xylitol derived from? What patients is this good for? |
|
Definition
| celluose products, good for patients with candidiasis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is xylitol absorbed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does xylitol work as an antimicrobial? |
|
Definition
| S. Mutans are attracted to it but cannot digest it so they die |
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Term
| What are artificial sweetners? |
|
Definition
| nonnutritive, noncarb, noncaloric |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of nonnutritive sweetners? |
|
Definition
-saccharin
-aspartame
-acesulfame-K
-sucralose
-neotame |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Sweet N' Low
-300 x sweeter than sucrose |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-NutraSweet, Equal
-not stable in heat, DON'T COOK WITH IT |
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|
Term
| What type of warning does aspertame carry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are normal/random glucose levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes type i diabetes? |
|
Definition
| islets of langerhans in pancreas cannot synthesize insulin |
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|
Term
| Is hypoglycemia charaterized by tachycardia or bradycardia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are proteins made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What compounds is protein made of? |
|
Definition
| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are amino acids held together by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids are essential? Nonessential? |
|
Definition
essential- 9
nonessential- 11 |
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Term
| Where does digestion of proteins begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is phenyleketonuria? |
|
Definition
| inborn error of metabolism, body cant metabolize essential acid phenylalaine into nonessential acis tyrosine |
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Term
| What should people with PKU avoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"to waste away"(chronic condition)
-body's adaptation to starvation over a LONG PERIOD OF TIME |
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Term
| What age group does marasmus commonly effect? How do they look? |
|
Definition
-children 6-18 months in 3rd world countires
-no edema, muscles waste and weaken |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -severe protein deficiency when 1st child gets cut off from breast feeding when second child is born |
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Term
| What is the age group and look of a child with kwashiorkor? What happen to their teeth? |
|
Definition
-18 months-2 years
-edema
-delayed eruption and hypoplasia of teeth |
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|
Term
| What are some good example of protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspertame should not be consumed by individuals with what? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How much of your diet should be saturated fats? What are they at room temp? |
|
Definition
- >10%
-solid at room temp |
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Term
| What are monounsaturated fatty acids at room temp? What are they? |
|
Definition
-contain a paoint of unsaturated linkage (double bond)
-viscous in form
**canola/olive oil** |
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|
Term
| Out of HDL and LDL which is good and which is bad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are polyunsaturated fats? What is their consistency? |
|
Definition
-2 or more point of unsaturation
-liquid at room temp
**vegetable oils** |
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Term
| What are the 2 essential fatty acids? |
|
Definition
1. linoleic fatty acid(omega 6)
2. linoleNic fatty acid(omega 3) |
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|
Term
| How many kilocalories/gram are lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fatty acid maintains serum cholesterol levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some sources of omega 6(linoleic fatty acid)? |
|
Definition
| vegetable oils, sunflower oil |
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|
Term
| What are some examples of omega 3(linolenic fatty acid)? |
|
Definition
| fish, mackerel, tuna, salmon |
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Term
| Which vitamins are the fat soluble ones? Are they readily excreted? |
|
Definition
A
D
E
K
**not readily excreted so they can build up to toxic levels** |
|
|
Term
Vitamin A-
Sources
Deficiencies
Functions |
|
Definition
sources- retinols(animal foods), carotenoids(orange and dark green veggies)
Deficiencies- night blindness
Functions- eye health, maintains mucus membranes |
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|
Term
Vitamin D
Sources
Deficiencies
Functions |
|
Definition
Sources- sunlight, fortified milk, fish liver oils
Deficiencies- rickets, osteomalacia, osteoperosis
Functions-as a hormone to assist in absorption of calcium, formation/mineralization of bones and teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamin D deficiency in children, softening of bones, bowed legs, enlarged joints, deformed pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vitamin D deficiency in adults
-calcium taken from bones
-bowed legs, bent posture |
|
|
Term
Vtamin E(tocopherol)
Toxicity
Deficiencies
Functions |
|
Definition
Sources-vegetable oils, gren leafy veggies
Toxicity- interferes with blood clotting
function-preserves fat(antioxidant) |
|
|
Term
Vitamin K
function
sources |
|
Definition
function- aids in formation of blood clotting factor prothrombin, increases bone density
Sources- green leafy veggies |
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|
Term
| Which vitamins are water soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thiamin (B1)
Function
Deficiency
Sources |
|
Definition
Function-provide energy to heart, brain, CNS
Deficiency- Beri beri
Sources- pork, whole grains, nuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damages nervous and cardiovascular systems |
|
|
Term
Riboflavin(B2)
Functions
Sources
Properties |
|
Definition
funtion-production of RBC
sources-milk, green leafy veggies, legumes, nuts
Propterties-sersitive to light |
|
|
Term
| What can be a symptoms of riboflavin(B2) deficiencies? |
|
Definition
| cheilosis, glossitis, anemia |
|
|
Term
Niacin B3
Function
Deficiency
Source |
|
Definition
function- RNA and DNA synethsis
deficeincy- pellagra
sources- meat, fish, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Niacin B3(deficiency)
4 D's(dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death) |
|
|
Term
Folate(folacin, folic acid)
function
deficiency
sources |
|
Definition
function-assists in forming DNA, RNA, and RBC formation
deficiency- megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, birth defects(spinal bifida)
sources- liver, leafy green veggies, OJ |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin deficiency can cause spinal bifida and therefore is important for pregnant patients to take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cobalamin(B12)
function
deficiency
sources |
|
Definition
function- build tissues, essential for RBS development, folate metabolism
deficiency- found in vegitarians, pernicious anemia
sources- animal organ meats, fortified foods |
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of Cobalamin(B12)? |
|
Definition
intrinsic- protein in stomach, needed for absorption of b12
extrinsic factor- must be obtained through food |
|
|
Term
| What is pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
| weakness, sore tongue, apathy |
|
|
Term
Vitamin C- Ascorbic Acid
function
deficiency
sources |
|
Definition
function- promotes protein collagen synthesis
deficiency- scurvy
sources- strawberries, broccoli |
|
|
Term
| Properties of vitamin C(ascorbic acid) |
|
Definition
| no extensive storage, smokers and women on birth control have increased need |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamin C deficiency, ruptured blood vessels, swollen bleeding gingiva, delayed wound healing |
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