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| condition in which body fat might compromise health |
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measure of an adults wieght in relation to height.
-higher the number more wieght person carries |
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WT/HT^2 X 703
example:
wt= 130 ht= 5'5"
130/(65x65) X 703 = 21.3 |
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-2 in 3 adults are overwieght
-over past 20 yrs 3 people with high obesity increased a lot
-obesity increased over all groups
-rates doubled in children and tripled in adults |
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| amount spent on obesity related health care |
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-increasing internationally
-increasing in low and middle income countries (urban)
-obesity outnumbers those suffering under nutrition
-slowing or platueing but still too high
-increasing extreme obesity
-childhood rates parallel adults |
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-lower levels have remained the same
-BMI >30 has increased dramatically |
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-more women than men
-various ethnic groups includinf african american mexican american pacifiv islander
-throughout the world |
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| Anthropometric Assessment of Optimal Body Wieght |
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Definition
-measures of a persons physical dimensions
--height wieght and proportions
-allows comparison between people
--some what subjective and imprecise |
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Term
| Antropometric Measurements |
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Definition
overweigth: having more body wiegiht than considered healthy for age, sex, height
obese: overweight person with hgih % of body fat
Optimal wieght: ideal, desirable, healthy |
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| Methods of ANtropometric measurements |
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Definition
-height wieght tables
-calculate IBW
-BMI
-skinfold measures
-bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA
-air and water displacement
-dual energy xray absoptiometry DEXA
-waist circumference |
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Term
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Definition
-tables consider gender adn frame size
-developed by Metropolitan Life insurance to determine wieght associated with life expectancy
-became accepted guides for wieght used by public and clinicians
-rough guide but there are additional factors to consider |
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| Ideal Body Weight Formulas IBW |
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Definition
men:
-106 lb for first 5 ft
-add 6 for every inch over 5 ft
-subtract 6 for each inch under
women:
-100 lb for first five ft
-add 5 lb for every inch over 5 ft
-subtract for every inch under 5 ft |
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| Benefits of Ideal Body Wieght |
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Definition
| -allows rapid estimate of healthy body weight |
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| Criticisms of IBW formula |
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Definition
-only uses gender and height
-does not correlate weight to health
-does not make allowance for body composition |
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-does not directly measure body fat
-limits on gender, age, ethnicity, and athletic experience
-women have more body fat, over estimates fat in persons who are very muscular, under estimate fat in people who lose muscle mass like the elderly
-weight reflects muscle fat bone and body water |
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Term
| Methods to assess percent of fat and lean mass |
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Definition
-skinfold
-BIA
-water/air displacement
-DEXA |
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Definition
-based on assumption that subcutaneous fat (underskin) represents total body fat
-uses precision calipers to measure the fat at specific sites on the body
-sum of mesures is entered into ppopulation speific equations
-relies on tester skills adn other factors |
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Term
| Bioelectrical Impedance Anlaysis BIA |
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Definition
-principle body tissue conducts electricity and water is good conductor
-most body water found in lean tissue and fat is poor conductor of electricity
-influenced by gender, age, adn ethnicity
-calculated with population specifi equations |
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Term
| Water Displacement Techniques |
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Definition
| -weigh on dry land and reweighing when submerged in mater |
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Term
| key concepts of water displacement |
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Definition
-lower densit objects have larger surface area and displace more water
-bone and muscle are denser
-fat is less dense than water
-more body fat=more water displaced |
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Term
| Dual Energy Xray absorptiometry DEXA |
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Definition
-highly accurate
-very expensive
-amount of xray absorbed reveals differences in fat from lean mass
-tissues with high density show a greater reduction in xray allowed to pass through |
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Term
| Normal Body Fat Percentage |
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Definition
-vary according to age, genderm and ethnicity
-no universal standards
-experts say average 12-24% for me
20-30% for women |
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| Waist Circumference Measurement |
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Definition
-abdominal fat (visceral) is associated with increased health risk compared to subcutaneous fat around hips or thighs
-used to estimate abdominal fat
-better indicator of health risk than BMI alone |
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| Women healthy waist measurement |
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Definition
| less than or equal to 35 inches |
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| Men healthy waist measurement |
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Definition
| less than or equal to 40 inches |
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Definition
-vary at given weight
-hgiher BMI not necesarily indicator person is metabolically unhelalthy
-people with under 25 BMI can have health problems
-have to consider all factors |
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| Additional health factors that increase chronic disease risk |
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Definition
-high blood pressure
-high cholesterol
-high triglycerids
-high blood glucose
-family history
-physical inactivity
-smoking |
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Definition
-determine BMI
-Waist circumference
-assess other health risk factors |
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Term
| assessing childhood and adolescent overwieght and obesity |
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Definition
-children: 6-17 years old
-adolescent: 12-17 years old |
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Definition
-determined by age and gender specific percentiles for BMI
-based on growth rates and deelopmental differences
-BMI plotted on CDC BMI for age growth charts |
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| Childhood obesity terminology controversy |
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Definition
-definition for children has been controversial
-CDC avoids term obese (concern for stigma and parents)
-overweight and obese are at risk for overweight and overweight |
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Definition
-developed in 2000 by IASO
-BMI above 85th percentile is overweight
-above the 95th percentile is obeses
-similar to adult bmi cutoff |
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Term
extreme childhood obesity
(above 95th percentile) |
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Definition
| -definition for extreme youth obesity set at 1.2 times the 95th percentile youth BMI |
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Definition
-no clear cut answer
-combination of:
--genetics
--biologic
--behavioral
--environmental |
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imbalance between food and activity
-too much energy in and too little out
degree of imbalance is impacted by individual biologic and environmental factors |
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Definition
| -acces to lots of high calorie convinietnt food and limited need for activity |
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| environment humans evolved in |
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Definition
-vigorous physical work
-periods of feast and famine
-develop preference for high cal food to increase fat stores for scarce times
-natural defense against starvation |
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Term
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Definition
-law states energy cannot be created or destroyed
-food energy must be used for metabolic processes, muscular work, heat production, or storage |
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Definition
| -amount of energy it takes to heat 1 g of water 1 degree Celcius |
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| -units of energy supplied by food is used by cells to add P to ADP to form ATP |
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Definition
-stable balance
-positive balance
-negative balance |
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Term
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Definition
-calories in = calories out
body wieght is maintained |
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Definition
-calories in > caloriesout
weight gained and fat increases |
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Definition
-calories in < calories out
weight is lost and fat stores anre reduced |
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-excess energy can be stored in body fat
-each pound of fat = 3,500 cal stored energy |
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Definition
-all chemical reactions that direct nrmal body functioning and go on continuously
-require energy from food
-speed its used is the metabolic rate |
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Definition
| room with high controlled cnditions where subject eats, sleeps, adn performs various activities |
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| 3 main components of metabolism |
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Definition
Basal Metabolism (2/3)
Physical Activity (30~50%)
Thermic effect of food (~10%) |
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| Increase Basal Metabolic Rate BMR |
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Definition
-key determinant is lean muscle
-youth
-tall
-pregnant
-illness or fever
-stress heat cold
-> thyroxin
-physical activity
-caffiene chili peppers horseradish mustard |
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| Decrease Basal Metabolic Rate BMR |
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Definition
-being female
-age
-> fat mass
-short
-robust |
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Term
| energy requirements for digestion and metabolism |
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Definition
fats: raise BMR 4%
carbs: raise BMR 6%
proteins: raise BMR up to 30% |
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| Equations to Estimate BMR |
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Definition
Harris-Benedict (older)
Mifflin-St Jeor (newest |
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| Harris Benedict Equation for BMR |
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Definition
men:
(13.75 x W) + (5 x H) - (6.76 x A) + 66
for women:
(9.56 x W) + (1.85 x H) - (4.68 x A) + 655
W=kg H=cm A=age |
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| Mifflin-St Jeor Equation for BMR |
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Definition
men:
(10xW)+(6.25xH)-(5xA)+5
women:
(10xW)+(6.25xH)-(5xA)-161
W=kg H=cm A=age |
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Definition
-BEE/REE do not include activity
-must be multiplied by approriate activity factor |
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Term
| Seditatry Activity Factor |
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Definition
=1.2
little or no exercise |
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Term
| Lightly Active Activity Factor |
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Definition
=1.375
light exercise or sports 3-5 days a week |
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| Moderately Active Activity Factor |
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Definition
=1.55
moderate exercise or sports 3-5 days a week |
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Term
| Very Active Activity Factor |
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Definition
=1.725
hard activity or sports 6-7 days a week |
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Term
| Extreme Active Activity Factor |
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Definition
=1.9
5 or more hours a day hard activity |
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Term
| Environmental COntributors to Obesity |
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Definition
-US has become obesogenic (promotes wiehgt gain)
-increase food avaliability
-higher calorie beverages
-bigger portions
-eat away from home
-impact of socioeconomic status
-reduced opportunity for physial activity |
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Term
| Increased Food Avaliability |
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Definition
-greatly increased
-advances in processing/packaging encourages buying RTE foods
-lots of snacks and beverages
-snacks available in non food places
-food price declined in relation to incom |
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Term
| Control of Eating behavior |
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Definition
-eating behavionr merges input from your external physical environment with your internal physiological processes
-for most dieters wieght loss isnt permanent
-not just about will power also includes involuntary biologic systems
-links homeostatic and hedonic pathways |
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Definition
-energy intake and physical expenditure is partly controlled by biologic systems
-human evolution favors enrgy storage |
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Definition
-short term signals control hunger, food intake, satiety
-long temr signals defend energy stores |
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Term
| Hypothalamic COntrol of Homeostasis |
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Definition
-recieves adn transmist info about hunger and satiety
-monitors nutrient status signals from digestive track and fat cells
-integrates info to direct food intake and energy expended |
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Term
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Definition
-involved in energy imbalance
-secreted from stomach mucus
-signals hypothalamus to release NPY
-stimulates appetitie
-increases before eating and decreases with food consumption
-levels lower in obese people |
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Term
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Definition
-reduces food intake
-secreted by fat cells
-increased body fat = more leptin
-binds to hypothalamus and inhibits NPY, stimulates POMC
-produces satiety, lowers food intake, more energy out
-obese have high level, insensitive to effect |
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Term
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Definition
-environmental and social cues stimulate neurohormonal network
-fucntinoal appetitie control
-neurohormonal network repsonds to emotional aspects of food through cognitive, visual, and olfactory cues
=obesity from pleasure of eating overriding homeostatic controls |
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Term
| Genetic COntributors to Obesity |
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Definition
-account for 30-40% of differences in weight
-child obesity closely tied to parents obesity |
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