Term
| What are the top 4 causes of child mortality? |
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Definition
| neonatal acute respiratory infection diarrhea malaria |
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Term
| Know the names and chief characteristics of the 2 types of protein energy malnutrition. |
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Definition
Kwashiorkor-deficiency caused by inadequate protein intake
Marasmus- deficiency disease caused by inadequate food intake-starvation
thin for height- acute PEM (aka wasting) short for age -Chronic PEM long term |
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Term
| What are the 4 micronutrient deficiencies of greatest concern worldwide? |
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Definition
| Vitamin A- immune system zinc deficiency- growth failure and weakened immunity Iron- decreased cognitiave ability adn resistance to disease Iodine def: goiter, mentally impaired |
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Term
| Be able to list the 7 elements of the child survival plan set forth by UNICEF –GOBI - FFF |
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Definition
| growth moniroing ORal rehydration therapy breastfeeding immunization Familly planning- birth spacing Female education Food supplementation |
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Term
| Be able to list 3 or 4 issues described as major challenges for future efforts to improve global nutrition. |
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Definition
| International trade and DEBt - fuel cost rise Multinational Corporation- export of cash crops, such as coffee has a negative effect on househols security, low wages. Overpopulation Distribution of resoures- land reform Agricultural technology- need appropriate technolgy( labor intensive not energy intensive) |
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Term
| What is meant by “twin track” strategy to eliminate hunger – be prepared to provide examples of activities. |
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Definition
| FAO believes that the world food summit goal of "reducing the number of undernourished people by half by no later than 2015" is both attainable and affordable. The FAO recommends a twin track strategy that addresses both the causes and the consequences of poverty and hunger. Track 1: includes interventions for improving personal income and food availability for the poor by strengthening income generating opportunities ( improve productivity of small farmers) Track two: supplies a safety net to provide direct assistance to the most vulnerable groups. including pregnant and lactating women infants and small children schoolchildren, unemployed urban youth older adults disabled persons and the sick, including living with HIV/AIDS. |
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Term
| Be able to list the specific micronutrients of greatest concern globally. |
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Definition
| Iron, Vitamin A, Zinc, and Iodine |
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Term
| Be able to list the consequences of iron deficiency. |
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Definition
| consequences of iron deficiency anemia- impaired hemoglobin, behavior changes, delayed growth and development, and impaired immune function in children. in childhood it causes a decrease cognitive abilities and resistance to disease. |
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Term
| Be able to list the stages of nutrient deficiency in order. |
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Definition
| Decreased nutrient intake or inadequacy> decreased reserves> decreased bodily fluids> decreased functional levels in tissues> decreased enzymatic activity> functional changes> clinical> anatomical |
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Term
| Know what is meant by the “double burden” of malnutrition. |
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Definition
| The persistence of undernutrition along with the rise of overweight children with chronic disease |
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Term
| Be able to describe what is meant by sustainable development. |
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Definition
| a mode of human development in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. |
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Term
| Be able to describe how inadequate intake is estimated in developing countries. (FAO approach described in class) |
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Definition
| Undernourishment, child stunning <5, food production index, average dietary supply adequacy, animal supply of protien animal origin, depth of food deficit. |
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Term
| Be able to list at least 3 Millennium goals. |
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Definition
| - Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, - Achieving universal primary education, - Promoting gender equality and empowering women, - Reducing child mortality rates, - Improving maternal health, - Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, - Ensuring environmental sustainability, and - Developing a global partnership for development |
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Term
| Know the patterns of infant feeding which are common in developing countries. |
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Definition
| - breast feeding - formula is often watered down to make it last longer - complimentary food, but often infants needs aren't know, just give the same stuff adults eat. |
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Term
| Be able to list at least 2 of the WHO recommendations for complementary feeding. |
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Definition
| WHO recommends that infants start receiving complementary foods at 6 months of age in addition to breast milk, initially 2-3 times a day between 6-8 months, increasing to 3-4 times daily between 9-11 months and 12-24 months with additional nutritious snacks offered 1-2 times per day, as desired. |
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Term
| Know the difference between cost-effectiveness versus cost-benefit analysis. |
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Definition
| - cost-effectiveness analysis: a form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of two or more courses of action. - cost-benefit analysis: a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a project, decision or government policy |
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Term
| Know how to calculate relative risk. |
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Definition
| prevalence when exposed/prevalence when not exposed |
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Term
| Know the meaning of the terms incidence, prevalence, point prevalence, and period prevalence. |
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Definition
| - incidence: The occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable - prevalence: the quality of prevailing generally - point prevalence: a measure of the proportion of people in a population who have a disease or condition at a particular time - period prevalence: the proportion of the population with a given disease or condition over a specific period of |
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Term
| Know how maternal nutritional status affects milk volume and composition |
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Definition
| if mother nutrition status is lacking, it will first provide for the infant via milk, and take from the mothers stores. |
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Term
| Be able to at least 3 of the benefits of breastfeeding in the developing world. |
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Definition
- reduction in exposure to contaminants, immune factors, growth factors
- mother infant bonding
- helps mother loose preg wt and protects her from breast and uterus cancer, prevents her from getting preg again as long as she is feeding
- protects baby from infectious and noninfectious diseases (allergies, DM, obesity) |
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Term
| Be prepared to describe why infection may result in malnutrition. (note, not just the list |
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Definition
| Increased catabolism, decreased absorption, lack of appetite. |
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Term
| Be prepared to describe why malnutrition may result in infection. (note, not just the list |
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Definition
| decrease immune response and gut protection barrier |
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Term
| Be prepared to speculate why a micronutrient intervention (which will be described) may have not been successful in a developing country. |
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Definition
| Doesn't reach those at risk, reaches those that are not at risk, toxicity- poor administration, policy cost, no nutritonal education, possible effects on food vehicle |
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Term
| Be able to describe how education and empowerment of women may influence nutritional status of families and child mortality in developing countries |
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Definition
| generally, it is woman (specifically mothers) who are responsible for choosing and preparing the food that the family eats. Thus, the family’s nutritional status is to a large degree in their hands. If they know more and feel they can better handle this responsibility, they can! |
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Term
| Know how to recognize and write each of the different types of objectives (behavioral, health, process, system). Be familiar with the format used in class. |
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Definition
health: x amt of TG will improve by x% by 2013
beavioral: x % of TG will be able to identify x % of nutrient by 2013
process includes program and system
program x % of employees will give out x# of pamphlets by 2013
system go not will provide x # of benefits to the women in need by 2013 |
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Term
| Given a description of the local circumstances, be prepared to discuss the order in which interventions would be needed to combat malnutrition. |
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Definition
Nutrient supplementation
food supplementation
nutriton eeducation
food distribution and production
socioeconomic |
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Term
| Know specifically why breastfeeding can be lifesaving in developing countries. |
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Definition
- It is food when food is scarce; there may not be formulas avaliable
- It is safe, unlike many food sources that may be contaminated with bad water
- It provides immunization against a number of infectious and non-infectious illnesses |
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Term
| Be prepared to apply any of the ADA ethical principles to a specific circumstance. (remember in using these principles, there is no leeway and you need to understand their intent rather than to apply general ethical principles) |
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Definition
| See list of principles (Cause I’m not going to write all that shit out!) |
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Term
| Know the elements of the theory of persuasion |
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Definition
- persuasion theory: how you persuade someone to do/think/feel something
- reciprocity: feeling of obligation to repay
- scarcity: uncommon
- consensus: general agreement
- authonty
- likability
- commitment |
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Term
| Understand how indicators are developed and used in large studies of nutrition, infection, and behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| Be prepared to critique a social marketing campaign gone wrong. |
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Definition
Effective Social: know your target group, know your competition, don’t highlight problems WITHOUT solutions, be prepared, Persevere!
Effective Social Marketing Goals: Drives behavioral change in a target demographic, broadens community involvement, alters the environment, provides/enhances resources |
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Term
| Know all what is meant by operating effectiveness and all the terms associated with the elements of operating effectiveness |
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Definition
Measures of process evaluation
- Coverage: what % of the target group (TG) is reached (% of TG participating)
- Leakage: what % of benefits is lost to TG because of another group receiving the benefits (% consumed by others, % goods resold)
- Efficiency: amount of effort/benefit (# of workers/participant)
- Permanency: is benefit long term? (relaps rate, sustainability) |
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Term
| Be able to describe the behaviors associated with “problem management” versus “emotional regulation.’ |
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Definition
Problem management: addresses situation of stressfull situation...Problem seeker, gather iinformation
emotional regulation- ways to deal with the stress of the situation- social suppora talking about it |
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Term
| Know how to recognize the levels of learning described by the update Bloom’s Taxonomy described in class. |
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Definition
- Remember
- Understand
- Apply
- Analyze
- Evaluate
- Create |
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Term
| Be prepared to discuss how cultural values might influence program design. |
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Definition
• Family structure
• Gender and age roles
• Etiquette (socialrules)
• Definitions of status in society
• Health care values, beliefs, practices
• Religious/spiritual beliefs
• Food habits, beliefs
These things vary amoung culture. So need to vary how they are presented to different cultures |
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Term
| Be able to list and describe the 5 types of international nutrition interventions described in class. Know generally advantages and disadvantages of each intervention and when they are best used. |
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Definition
1. Socioeconomic development ‐ income generation, modification of income distribution, food pricing policies, labor policies
– to increase purchasing power, with particular focus on food
- disadvantage: may help the government more than the people
2. Food production, distribution, storage
– to increase national/household food availability, accessibility, and safety
- disadvantages they may have enough food, but can’t get it distributed, or it is not meeting their nutritional needs, this may be an economic driver that if replaced will make things worse
3. Food supplementation/Targeted feeding (nutritional rehabilitation centers, school feeding, community kitchens, maternal supplementation)
– to increase food availability/food quality to high risk groups
- disadvanatages: may be sharing them with family instead of taking them themselves, may be displacing usual food
4. Nutrient supplementation, fortification
– to increase consumption ofspecific nutrient(s)
- disadvantages: limited by compliance, sustainability, and lack of impact on diet
5. Nutrition education
– to improve use/preparation of available foods |
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Term
| Understand which type of epidemiological study discussed in class is best given specific circumstances. |
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Definition
• Ecological studies: An ecological study is an epidemiological study in which the unit of analysis is a population rather than an individual. For instance, an ecological study may look at the association between smoking and lung cancer deaths in different countries. An ecological study is normally regarded as inferior to non-ecological designs such as cohort and case-control studies, but are useful because they can be carried out easily, quickly and inexpensively using data that are generally already available.
• Cross‐sectional studies: a class of research methods that involve observation of all of a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time. They differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals with a specific characteristic, with a sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population.
• Cohort (longitudinal) studies: a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time — often many decades. It is an analysis of risk factors and follows a group of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction.
• Prospective (followed into future): a cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome
• Retrospective (historical): generally means to take a look back at events that already have taken place. For example, the term is used in medicine, describing a look back at a patient's medical history or lifestyle.
• Case‐Control studies: It is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute. Case-control studies are often used to identify factors that may contribute to a medical condition by comparing subjects who have that condition/disease (the 'cases') with patients who do not have the condition/disease but are otherwise similar (the 'controls').[1] They require less resources but provide less evidence for causal inference than arandomized controlled trial.
• Controlled trials: Clinical research A clinical study in which one group of participants receives an experimental drug while the other receives either a placebo or an approved–'gold standard' therapy.
• Randomized controlled trials: often used to test the efficacy and/or effectiveness of various types ofintervention within a patient population. RCT may also provide an opportunity to gather useful information about adverse effects. The key distinguishing feature of the usual RCT is that study subjects are randomly allocated to receive one or other of the alternative treatments under study.
• Non‐randomized (quasi‐experimental) trials used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on its target population. Quasi-experimental research designs share many similarities with the traditional experimental design orrandomized controlled trial, but they specifically lack the element of random assignment to treatment or control. |
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Term
| Be prepared to critique both open and closed-end survey questions. |
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Definition
open ended question: opens up for discussion, fill in answer
close ended question: limited number of given answers to choose from. yes or no, mult choice |
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Term
| Be able to critique the design for a needs assessment. Be able to determine if there is a step missing or performed poorly or with bias |
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Definition
• Review needs assessment results (Causal analysis: a detailed understanding of the circumstances, understanding of the population involved)
•Prioritize problems
• Define program goals and objectives
• Develop program plan (Choose strategies, Pre-test materials and procedures)
• Develop a management system – find funding
•Implement the program
•Evaluate the program |
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Term
| Be prepared to select one of the US nutrition programs and explain why or why not that program could be duplicated in a developing country. |
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Definition
| most of them wouldn't work. either because they don't have to resources or the programs aren't talored for that lifestyle. for instance, school lunch programs wouldn't work because few kids are able to go to school in developing countries. either because it isn't offered or they have to work. |
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Term
| Be able to describe the biological and neurological drivers of behavior described in class. |
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Definition
| we have biological drives for survival (for food, water, shelter, sex) and neuological drives to aquire those things |
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Term
| Be able to distinguish “engagement” vs “disengagement” infant cues. |
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Definition
| Engagement cues are made when an infant wants to interact. Cue include wide eyes, looking at something as if they want to memorize it, faces and bodies relaxed, smooth body movements, smiling, trying to touch what they are wanting to interact with, may kick legs excitedly. Disengagement cues are made when an infant needs a break from engagement. They may close eyes, turn face away, arch back, twist body away, muscles may tense, frowning, crying. |
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