Normal: less than 120 (sys) and less than 80 (dia).

Prehypertension: 120-139 (sys) or 80-89 (dia).

Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159(sys) or 90-99(dia).

Stage 2 hypertension: >=160 or >=100

Piloerection

Metabolism

Basal Metobolic Rate

Sensible loss

Circadium Rhythm

Hyperpyrexia

Pyrogens

Three phases of fever and explain

• In the initial phase(febrial or onset), body temperature rises as blood vessels in the skin narrow. This prevents heat from leaving the body through the skin. The skin becomes cool, the muscles contract and cause shivering or chills, and the body makes more heat. The body continues to make and keep heat until a new, higher temperature is reached.

   

• In the second phase(course), a new, higher temperature has been reached. The amount of heat the body makes and loses is the same. Shivering stops, and the body stays at the new, higher temperature. May last from a few days to a few weeks. Person is flushed and feels warm and dry. 

   

• In the third phase(defervescence or crisis), body temperature falls to normal as blood vessels in the skin open and moveblood from inside the body to the skin surface. This helps get rid of extra heat. Sweating occurs and helps to cool the body.

Antipyretic

Heat exhaustion and heat stroke

Heat exhaustion is a heat-related illness that can occur after you've been exposed to high temperatures for several days and have become dehydrated.

Heatstroke is caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures or by doing physical activity in hot weather. You are considered to have heatstroke when your body temperature reaches 104 F (40 C) or higher.

• Take the temperature in Fahrenheit subtract 32.
• Divide by 1.8.
• The result is degrees Celsius.

Cardiac output

Pulse deficit

Pulse volume

the strength or amplitude of the pulse, the force of blood exerted with each heart beat.

Central chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Intercostal retraction, substernal retraction, and suprasternal retraction. 

Intercostal retractions are due to reduced air pressure inside your chest.

Substernal Retraction: exists when tissues are drawn in beneath the sternum (breast bone)

supra-sternal, where the accessory muscles of respirations of the neck are contracting to aid inspiration.

a blood test that is performed using blood from an artery. It involves puncturing an artery with a thin needle and syringe and drawing a small volume of blood.

Arterial blood for blood gas analysis is usually drawn by a respiratory therapist and sometimes a phlebotomist, nurse or doctor.^[4] Blood is most commonly drawn from the radial artery because it is easily accessible, can be compressed to control bleeding, and has less risk for occlusion, the selection of which radial artery to draw from is based on the outcome of an Allen's test. Thefemoral artery (or less often, the brachial artery) is also used, especially during emergency situations or with children. Blood can also be taken from an arterial catheter already placed in one of these arteries.

Peripheral resistance

Auscultatory gap

the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure

1. The first Korotkoff sound is the snapping sound first heard at the systolic pressure. Clear tapping, repetitive sounds for at least two consecutive beats is considered the systolic pressure.
2. The second sounds are the murmurs heard for most of the area between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
3. The third sound was described as a loud, crisp tapping sound.
4. The fourth sound, at pressures within 10 mmHg above the diastolic blood pressure, was described as "thumping" and "muting".
5. The fifth Korotkoff sound is silence as the cuff pressure drops below the diastolic blood pressure. The disappearance of sound is considered diastolic blood pressure – 2 mmHg below the last sound heard.

Nonshovering thermogenesis

Prostaglandins and set point

Prostoglandins are substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat at a higher temperature. Secretions of these are induced by pyrogens. 

The set point is the reset value.

1. Intermittent fever: temperature alternatives regularly between periods of fever and periods of normal or below-normal temperaure without pharmacological intervention; or the temperature returns to normal at least once every 24 hours
2. Remittent fever: fluctuations in temperature(>3.6F, or 2C), all above normal, during a 24hour period.
3. Constant (sustained) fever: temperature may fluctuate slightly (<1F or 0.55C) but is always above normal.
4. Relapsing (recurrent) fever: short periods of fever alternating with periods of normal temperature, each lasting 1-2 days. 

Different types of thermometers

• Glass thermometer: Can be used for measuring oral, rectal, or axillary. Inexpensive, easily disinfected.
• Disadvantages: Easily broken, slow, takes 3-8 minutes, difficult for some to read
• Electronic: Oral, rectal, or axillary. Rapid measurement, takes 2-60 seconds.
• Disadvantages: Expensive, requires regular inspection, needs to be kept charged. 
• Electronic with infrared sensor (temporal scanner and otic thermometer): Rapid, 2-5 seconds. Cost effective, low rate of operator error.
• Disadvantages: Expensive intitial cost, less accurate then electronic or glass when used with tempanic. Requires regular inspection, batteries require recharging.
• Disposable chemical thermometer: Ease of use, requires no special training.
• Disadvantages: Less accurate than glass or electronic. May not reflect true temp reading. Skin must be dry. Indicates only body surface temp.

• Temporal artery: Most accurate core temp, fast, no discomfort, safe, less prone to error than tympanic thermometer.
• Disadv: Requires special scanning thermometer. Any covering, hat, hair, and so forth, prevents heat from dissipating and causes the reading to be falsely high.
• Rectal: Most accurate internal core temp. Used for clients who are unable to follow directions for oral or in situation where accuracy is crucial. 
• Disadv: Embarassing, risk for injury to the rectal mucosa, requires special positioning, does not reflect changes in core temp as rapidly as oral. Stool may cause inaccurate reading. 
• Contraindications: Clients may be injured. Can slow the heart rate by stimulating the vagus nerve. Clients with hemmaroids have issues. Immunosuppressed clients or those with clotting disorders.
• Oral:Simple, convenient, comfortable for most. Safe for those who are old enough to follow simple directions. 
• Disadv: Patient must keep mouth closed for several minutes, bradypnea may create false temp elevations.
• Contraindications: Clients who cannot cooperate with instruction or might be injured.
• Axillary: Safe, easy to use, can be used for children and uncooperative clients. Recommended over rectal for routine measurements
• Disadv: Not reflective of core, least accurate site, diaphoresis can affect reading, slow reading
• Contraindications: Clients who are perspiring heavily, does not accurately diagnose fever.
• Tympanic membrane: Fast, 2-5 seconds, can be used for children and uncooperative clients.
• Disadv: Needs special thermometer, expensive, more variable then oral and rectal, must be carefully positioned, cerumen may affect accuracy, risk of injury, may be uncomfortable, sometimes found to be less accurate than chemical thermometers, hearing aids must be removed
• Contraindications: Clients who have had recent ear surgery and in the presence of ear infection
• Skin:Safe, convenient, easy to use, inexpensive
• Disadv: Forehead skin temp is generally 2-4F less than core temp; if marked deviations in skin temp are detected, readings must be confirmed by a more reliable way
• Contraindications: Should not be used when accurate readings are required

Ronchi and Stertor and Stridor

• Ronchi: low pitched, continuous gurgling sounds caused by secretions in the large airways. Often cleared by coughing.
• Stridor: a piercing, high-pitched sound that is heard without a stethoscope, primarily during inspiration, in infants who are experiencing respiratory distress or in someone with an obstructed airway.
• Stertor: refers to labored breathing that produces a snoring sound.