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Definition
serves to funnel sound waves into its opening – the external auditory canal.
The canal is lined with glands that secrete cerumen, a yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear. The wax forms a sticky barrier that helps keep foreign bodies from entering and reaching the tympanic membrane.
Tympanic membrane or ear drum, separates the external and middle ear and is tilted obliquely to the ear canal. It is a translucent membrane with a pearly gray color. |
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is a tiny air-filled cavity inside the temporal bone. It contains tiny bones or auditory ossicles – the malleus, incus, and stapes. Several openings are present into the middle ear. One opening is the eustachian tube which connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx – normally closed, but it opens with swallowing or yawning.
Three functions: conduct sound vibrations from the outer ear to the central hearing apparatus to the inner ear, protect the inner ear by reducing the amplitude of loud sounds and its eustachian tube allow for equiliation of air pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane so that it does not rupture. |
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Definition
| contains the bony labyrinth which holds the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing. Within the bony labyrinth are the vestibule and semicircular canals that compose the vestibular apparatus and the cochlea (Latin for snail shell) . not accessible for direct examination, its functions can be assessed |
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Definition
| how loud something is and frequency is the pitch or number of cycles per second. Sound waves produce vibrations on the tympanic membrane. These vibrations are carried by the middle ear ossicles to your oval window. Then the sound waves travel through your cochlea which is coiled like a snail’s shell and are dissipated against the round window. |
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| vibrates at a point specific to the frequency of the sound. The numerous fibers along the basilar membrane are the receptor hair cells of the organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing. As the hair cells bend, they mediate the vibrations into electric impulses. Which are conducted by the auditory portion of cranial nerve VIII to the brainstem. The brainstem permits locating the direction of a sound in space as well as identifying the sounds. The function of the cortex is to interpret the meaning of the sound and begin the appropriate response. |
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Definition
| the normal pathway of hearing is air conduction. It is the most efficient. An alternate route of hearing is by bone conduction. Here the bones of the skull vibrate – these vibrations are transmitted directly to the inner ear and to cranial nerve VIII |
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Definition
| the ear transmits sound and converts its vibrations into electrical impulses which can be analyzed by the brain. |
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| Levels of Auditory System |
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Definition
•Peripheral
•Brainstem
•Cerebral cortex |
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Definition
•Air conduction
•Bone conduction |
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•Conductive
•Sensorineural (perceptive) |
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Definition
Types of hearing loss
(2) |
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Term
| Sensorineural or perceptive loss |
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Definition
| signifies pathology of the inner ear, cranial nerve VIII or the auditory areas of the cerebral cortex. It may be caused by presbycusis – a gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging, ototoxic drugs |
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Definition
| the labyrinth in the inner ear constantly feeds information to the brain about the body’s position in space. If the labyrinth ever becomes inflamed it feeds the wrong information to the brain creating a staggering gait and a strong spinning, whirling sensation called vertigo |
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| Otitis media is Middle ear infection |
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Definition
| occurs because of obstruction of the eustachian tube or passage of nasopharyngeal secretions into the middle ear. It is one of the most common illnesses in children |
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Definition
| is genetically determined and is either dry cerumen or wet. The presence is not related to poor hygiene. |
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indicating that white men has the most ... between ages 73 - 84 |
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Definition
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Definition
•Otitis media
•Cerumen
•Hearing loss |
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Location, character, other symptoms, any related trauma? What relieves it? |
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When? How often? How were they treated? |
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Appearance, odor, related to pain? |
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Definition
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Onset, character? In which situations? Family history? Any treatment? Coping strategies? |
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Loud noise at home or work? Coping strategies? |
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Ringing, crackling, buzzing? Louder at night? Any treatment? |
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Dizziness, room spinning, loss of balance? |
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Definition
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How do you clean your ears? Last time hearing was checked? |
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Definition
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Inspect and palpate external ear
(objective data) |
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Definition
•Size and shape
•Skin condition
•Tenderness
External auditory meatus |
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Definition
To do the exam, tilt the person’s head slightly away from you , then pull the pinna up and back on an adult this helps to straighten the canal. In an infant dull the pinna down
Hold the otoscope upside down along your fingers and have the back of your hand along the person’s cheek to steady the otoscope. |
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Definition
•Position of head and ear
•Method of holding and inserting
otoscope
•External canal
–Color
–Swelling
–Lesions
–Discharge
•Tympanic membrane
–Color and characteristics
–Position
–Integrity of membrane |
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Definition
–Conversational speech
–Whispered voice test
–Tuning fork tests
•Weber test
•Rinne test |
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Definition
| test on ear at a time while masking hearing in the other ear to prevent sound transmission around the head. Do this by placing one finger on the tragus and rapidly pushing it in and out of the auditory meatus. Shield your lips so the person cannot read your lips. With your head 30 – 60 cm from the person’s ea, exhale and whisper slowly some two-syllable words such as Tuesday, armchair, baseball. |
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Definition
measure hearing by air conduction – or by bone conduction in which sounds vibrate through the cranial bones to the inner ear.
See P. 354 - 355 for use of tuning fork use. |
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Definition
| is valuable when a person reports hearing better with one ear than the other. This is done with the tuning fork and the person should hear the tone by done conduction through the skull and should sound equally loud in both ears. |
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Definition
| compares air conduction and bone conduction sound. |
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Definition
•Romberg test
•Developmental Care
–Infants and young children |
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Definition
assess the ability of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear to help maintain standing balance. |
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Term
| Abnormalities of External Ear |
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Definition
•Frostbite
•Otitis externa (“swimmer’s ear”)
•Brachial remnant and ear deformity
•Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea |
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Definition
| reddish blue discoloration and swelling |
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Definition
| swimmer’s ear – us an infection of the outer ear with severe painful movement of the pinna, tragus, redness, swelling, etc. |
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Term
| Brachial remnant and ear deformity |
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Definition
| a facial remnant or leftover of the embryological branchial arch usually appears as a skin tag. |
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea |
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Definition
| skull fracture of the temporal bone causes cerebrospinal fluid to leak from the ear canal and pool in concha when the person is supine. |
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Lumps and Lesions
Abnormal Findings on External Ear |
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Definition
•Sebaceous cyst
•Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis
•Keloid
•Carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| location is commonly behind lobule – in the post auricular fold. |
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Term
Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis |
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Definition
| this is painful nodules that develop on the rim of the helix as a result of repetitive mechanical pressure or environmental trauma. |
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Definition
| over growth of scar tissue which invades original site of trauma. |
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Definition
–Results with Weber test
–Results with Rinne test |
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Term
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
–Results with Weber test
–Results with Rinne test |
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Correct Answer: C. Anything that impedes sound transmission, such as impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, or otosclerosis, can cause conductive hearing loss. Pathology of the inner ear caused by gradual nerve degeneration or ototoxic drugs may cause sensorineural hearing loss. Vertigo is a symptom of a disturbance in equilibrium. |
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Definition
Which of the following factors may contribute to sensorineural hearing
A. Impacted cerumen
B. Otosclerosis
C. Drugs affecting the cochlea
D. Vertigo
loss?
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| Correct Answer: D. Otitis media is one of the most common illnesses of childhood. Native Americans, Alaskan and Canadian Inuits, and Hispanics have a higher incidence of this infection, as do premature infants and those with Down syndrome. Babies who are bottle fed while in the supine position develop otitis media because the forces of gravity and sucking draw nasopharyngeal contents into the middle ear. Teach parents to hold babies partially upright during feedings. |
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Definition
Which of the following would not contribute to the development of otitis media?
A. Prematurity
B. Positioning during bottle feeding
C. Ethnicity
D. Tinnitus |
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