qualitative data can include nearly any information that can be captured and is not numberical

Ex: pictures, words, and anything that is not numbers

Qualitative Research allows us to unerstand the way in which interventions are experienced  to the researcher and to the participants as wellas the value of the interventions to both parties.

Formal nursing data are made up of gathered information such as definitions and classifications

Before data can be analyzed and reviewed to determine outcome, it must be collected and aggregated

• Research Utilization is a subset of evidence-based practice
• it is the application of findings from one or more research studies in a practical application unrelated to the original study, resulting tin the generatiion of new knowledge

Translational research is used to describe the translation of medical, biomedical, and informatics and nursing research into bedside clinical interventions.

Research results are crucial to furthering EBP

• The randomized control trial (RCT) is often termed as the gold standard for evidence because it is considered reliable

• Evidence includes: standards of practice, condes of ethics, philosophies of nursing, autobiographical stories, esthetic critism, works of art, qualitative studies, and the patient and clinical knowledge

• The application of evidential knowledge to clinical practice
• EBP starts with a clinical question to resolve a clinical problem.

• To use evidence in practice, the weigh of research, also called research validity, must be determined meaning that evidence in the research must be define to grade and assign value of the information and its source.
•  The Hierarchy of Evidence is as followed: 
• Meta-analysis: this is the best quality evidence since it uses multiple individual research studies to come to consensus.
• Individual experimental studies
• Quasi-experimental studies
• Non-experimental studies
• Program evaluations such as quality improvements projects
• Opinions of experts

• it requires an understading of the key concepts and barriers
• Accessiblilty to research findings
• access to clinical mentors for reserach understaning,
• reinforcing culture and
• a desire for clinicians to implement best practices

Nurses may see the job of interpreting research as too complex or may see the organizational culture as a barrier to implementation.

• lack of time
• lack of access to libraries with the facility
• lack of technology confidence
• lack of knowledge on how to search for information
• lack of balue assigned to using research in practice

• NGC was developed as part of the Agancy for Healthcare Research and Quality
• It is a comprehensive database of evidence based clinical practice guidelines and related documents which are regularly published through the NGC listserv and are available on the NGC website.
• It allows users to browse the website for the clinical guidelines, view abstracts and full text links and download them in the smart electronics
• There are growing number of written and electronic resources available to assist with creating guidelines

• Systemic reviews combine results form multiple primary investigation to obsertain consesus on a specidfic area of research.
• The strength of the systemic review is its ability to corrobarate findings and reach consensus.
• systemic reviews show the need for more research by revealing the areas where quantitative results may be lacking or minimal.

• Meta-analysis is a form of systemic review
• it uses statistical methods to combine the results of serveral studies
• it is the statistical analysis of a large colectionof analysis resutls from a individual studies for the purpose of integrating the finding.

• The emphasis is on quantitative studies and not qualitative.
• the analysis is only as good as the studies used in the analysis
• collection and dissemination of theses meta-analysis and systemic reviews are available in paper and online but usually subscription is required.

1. Archives: 

1. Journals: open access journals are generally peer-reviewed and free to access

• the publisher of open access doesnt charge readers but gets money from publishing elsewhere.
• Open access journals may charge the author for publiching

It is an interdisciplinary science that focuses on data management and interpretation for complex biological phenomena that are analyzed and visualized using mathematical modeling and numerical methodologies with predictive algoristhms

Another def: the brach of biology that is concerned with the acquisition, storage, display, and analysis of the inforomation found in nucleic acid and protein sequence data. Computers and bioinformatics softwared are the tools of the trade

• Omics are suffixes that derive from genome
• Winkler cameup with the words genesis and some to describe a body of genes
• Genome was born and genomics arose as the study of genome

100 million pillot will map changes in brain, lunch, and ovarian cancers to access changes

the goal is to develop a resource for the development of new strategies for preventing, diagnosing, and treating te disease.

International partnership: looking at some common variations in DNA and inverstigating inherited alleles.

The goal is to develop a haplotype map of the human genome which will describe the common parttern of human DNA sequence

Expected to be key resource for researchers to use to find genes affecting health, disease, and response to drugs and environmental factors

• Completed n 2003
• Designed to:

1. identify all genes in DNA
2. determine sequences of 3 billion chemical base pair tha make up the DNA
3. sotre this information in databases
4. Improve tools for data analysis
5. transfer related technologyies to the private sector
6. address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from the project

• is based in the concept of ubiquitous (present) computing, which is considered a third wave of computing wherein technologies become increasingly invisible, becoming incorporated into everyday use, and so fading into the backround ((info is on nurse's finger tip, info so easy to access)
• U-nursing: will have implications for the practice of nursing, also for all aspects of the education and continuing professional development of nurses.

• Seen as evolving beyond its current status
• Web 2.0 will progress to web 3.0. Web 3.0 is coming up but its not as commonly used as Web 2.0
• The name is used to describe that machines will understand words and their meaning

• interrelationship between data, information, and knewledge used to meet the needs of healthcare delivery system, organization, patients, and nurses.
• it incorporates knowledge acquization, knowledge dissemination, knowledge generation, and knowlegde processing
• At the base of the model, there bits, bytes of data and information in a random representation.
• Growing out of the base are separate cones that expand and represent knowledge acquisition, generation, and dissemination.