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NurseWillMicroBio
Micro Antigens
152
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
11/16/2013

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Primary Immunodeficiency
Definition
Inherited - present at birth. Example SCID
Term
Secondary Immunodeficiency
Definition
Acquired, triggered after birth - example AIDs
Term
Which immune defenses are adaptive and which cells are involved?
Definition
1. The Humoral Immunity involves the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen and is mediated by B- Lymphocytes
Term
Type I Hypersensitivity
Definition
Immediate - Anaphylaxis
Term
Type II Hypersensitivity
Definition
Cytotoxic Reaction - Activation of Complement
Term
Type III Hypersensitivity
Definition

Immune Complex Reaction

IgG - Arthus Reaction - Serum Sickness

Term
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Definition

Cell mediated - delayed reaction

 

Term
Which hypersensitivity is involved in organ rejection?
Definition
Type IV
Term
Allergy Desensitization
Definition
Form of therapy aiming to weaken allergy reactions by exposing patient to gradually increasing doses of allergens - to naturally develop immunologic tolerance of substance
Term
Leukocytes - Granulocytes
Definition

Granular with lobed nuclei

'do not eat bananas'

1. Dendritic Cells (Phagocytic)

2. Neutrophils (Phagocytic) 50-70%

3. Eosinophils - Release chemicals to damage parasites

4. Basophils - release histamines/chemicals w/inflammation

Term
Leukocytes - Agranulocytes
Definition

Agranulocytes

Llike Monkey's Kids

1. B- Lymphocytes

2. T- Lymphocytes

3. Monocytes - in tissues develop into macrophages which are phagocytic

4. NK Killer Cells

Term
Arrange the members of an ecosystem in the order of abundance: herbivores, producers, carnivores
Definition

1. producers(plants - produce their own food)

2. herbivores

3. carnivores

Term
Consumers
Definition

Animals are called consumers because they cannot make their own food such as what plants do so these consumers need to consume plants and or animals.

 

Heterotroph is a type of consumer

Term

T or F

Ecology is the study of abiotic elements of an ecosystem

Definition

F

Abiotic and Biotic

Term
Arrange the elements of an ecosystem in order of increasing complexity: community, organism, ecosystem, population
Definition

1. Organism

2. Community

3. Population

4. Ecosystem

Term

T or F

 

Energy and nutrients are recycled in a typical ecosystem.

Definition

F

 

Energy cannot be recycled

Term

T or F

 

Saprophytes are involved in the decomposition of dead stuff.

Definition

T

 

Saprophytes secrete enzymes to digest dead bodies into nutrients to obtain them directly

Term

T or F

 

Producers are also heterotrophs.

Definition

F

 

Producers are autotrophs

Term

T or F

 

Fungi and bacteria that break down dead organisms into nutrients are autotrophs and saprophytes.

Definition

F

 

Not autotrophs

 

Just saprophytes

Term
Distinguish between a habitat and a niche
Definition

Habitat is the place where the population is located such as the woods, sea, garden.

 

niche is the organism's role within their habitat such as a fox being the predator of rabbits.

Term

T or F

 

Herbivores outnumber carnivores in a typical ecosystem.

Definition
T
Term
How does energy enter an ecosystem and approximately how much is transferred when an organism eats?
Definition

From the sun. 

10% of it is transferred when an organism eats.

Term

T or F

 

Barley is sprouted, and rice is inoculated with a non-yeast fugus, in order to convert starch to sugar for fermentation in the production of beer and saki respectively.

Definition
T
Term
What purpose do yeast serve in the production of alcoholic beverages?
Definition
Yeast is a beneficial microorganism that converts the sugars present in the juice into CO2.
Term
Which chemical conversion is needed to produce fermented milk products like yogurt and sour cream?
Definition

Milk can be fermented by inoculating fresh milk with the appropriate bacteria. As the bacteria grow, they convert milk sugar (lactose) to lactic acid.

 

The lowered pH caused by lactic acid prevents the growth of pathogens.

Term

T or F

 

Production of yogurt, vinegar, wine, apple juice and soy sauce all involve microorganisms.

Definition

F

 

All but apple juice

Term

In the nitrogen cycle

 

What changes Nitrogen gas to ammonia?

Definition
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Term
What type of disease could monoclonal antibodies be useful?
Definition
One possible treatment for cancer involves monoclonal antibodies that bind only to cancer cells - specific antigens and induce an immunological response against the target cancer cells.
Term
How are monoclonal antibodies made?
Definition
Monoclonal antibodies are typically made by fusing myeloma cells with the spleen cells from a mouse that has been immunized with the desired antigen.
Term
Which genetic library contains DNA only from expressed genes?
Definition
cDNA library
Term
Difference between Innate and Adaptive immune defenses
Definition

Innate - Non specific

Skin, mucous, bronchal pulmonary cilia

 

Adaptive - Specific

Response is antigen dependent. Requires previous exposure.

Term
Abiotic
Definition
Components of an ecosystem consisting of the nonorganic aspects of the environment. Example temperature, humidity, topography and natural disturbances
Term
Biotic
Definition
Biotic - life forms of an ecosystem aid in the transfer and cycle of energy.
Term
Nitrogen Cycle and the ecosystem
Definition
Nitrogen forms about 78% of the air on earth but plants do not use nitrogen directly from the air. This is because nitrogen itself is unreactive and cannot be used by green plants to make protein. Nitrogen gas therefore needs to be converted into nitrate compound in the soil by nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil, root nodules, lighting.
Term
In Type I, IgE activates what type of cells?
Definition
In Type I, IgE activates mast cells.
Term
Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in humans?
Definition
IgG antibodies are found in all body fluids. They are the smallest but most common (75%-80%) of all the antibodies in the body.
Term
2 Steps in making vinegar.
Definition
1. Fermentation of sugar ---> Ethanol
2. Ethanol---> Acetic acid
Term
Which immunoglobulin is involved in Type I hypersensitivities?
Definition
Type I is also known as Immediate or Anaphylactic hypersensitivity. Mediated by IgE
Term
Phagocytes
Definition
White blood cells that protect the body by eating (phagocytizing) dirt, bacteria, and dead or dying cells.
Term
Whish of the following leukocytes (white blood cells) become phagocytes?
a. Dendritic Cells b. Neutrophils c. Eosinophils d. Basophils e. B & T Lymphocytes f. Monocytes G. Natural Killer Cells
Definition
M-E-N
1. monocytes
2. eosinophils
3. neutrophils
Term
T or F

Lymphoid stem cells become B-Cells in the thymus
Definition
F

T-cells are lymphocytes that originate from bone marrow stem cells but emigrate to mature in the thymus
Term
General uses for monoclonal antibodies
Definition
1. Purification
2. Therapies
3. Diagnostics
Term
The antigenic determinant of a foreign substance is the ___________
Definition
epitope
Term
Name 3 processes occurring from the antigen-antibody complex.
Definition
1. opsonization
2. agglutination
3. complement
Term
Which immune cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Definition
plasma cells
Term
What is meant by valence of an antigen?
Definition
Number of epitopes allowing number of antibodies binding to epitopes.
Term
Name 1 Innate and 1 Adaptive defense leading to direct lysis of bacterial pathogens.
Definition
1. Innate - Complement
2 Adaptive - Cytotoxic T-Cells
Term
Lymphoid stem cells become __ cells in the thymus.
Definition
T-cells
Term
Which immune defense are adaptive and which cells are involved.
Definition
Humoral
B-Cells
Term
What 2 things does complement promote?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Lysis
Term
What are macrophages?
Definition
White blood cells that combat multicellular parasites.
Term
Interferon
Definition
Antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus - it inhibits replication of the virus.
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
most abundant type of white blood cell which identifies and produces antibodies.
Term
What does DiGeorge Syndrome lack?
Definition
T-Cells
Term
What does SCID lack?
Definition
B and T Cells
Term
Allergic reactions to poison oak and poison ivy are examples of which type of hypersensitivity?
Definition
Type IV
Term
Which bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas?
Definition
denitrifying bacteria
Term
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
Definition
Type AB
Term
What do we call a transplant between unrelated humans?
Definition
allograft
Term
Which is not a correct pair?
a. histocompatibility antigens - HLA
b. Type I hypersensitivity - IgE
c. Cyclosporin A - Humoral suppression
d. Type III hypersensitivity - Arthus reaction
Definition
c. Cyclosporin A - Humoral suppression
Term
T or F
Type IV hypersensitivities require antibody-antigen complexes
Definition
F
Term
T or F
The first conversion in producing beer and saki is to convert starch into glucose.
Definition
T
Term
T or F
People with type O blood are universal donors because they have neither anti A nor Anti B antibodies in their blood serum.
Definition
F
Term
T or F
Genomic libraries contain DNA only from active genes
Definition
F
Term
T or F
Only Rh negative mothers are at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn.
Definition
T
Term
What does nitrogen fixing bacteria do?
Definition
Converts nitrogen gas to ammonia
Term
What does nitrifying bacteria do?
Definition
Converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites
Term
What does nitrifying bacteria do?
Definition
Converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites
Term
What does denitrifying bacteria do?
Definition
Converts nitrates/nitrites to Nitrogen gas.
Term
What changes nitrogen gas to ammonia?
Definition
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Term
What converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites?
Definition
Nitrifying bacteria
Term
What converts nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas?
Definition
denitrifying bacteria
Term
Which have cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei?
Definition
Granulocytes
'do not eat bananas'
1.dendritic 2. neutrophils 3. eosinophils 4. basophils
Term
2 conversions leading to sour flavor of fermented vegetables.
Definition
carb to sugar
sugar to lactic acid
Term
2 Steps in production of beer.
Definition
1. starch to sugar
2. yeast for sugar to alcohol
Term
General formula for alcoholic fermentation
Definition
sugar + yeast ---> ethyl alcohol + CO2
Term
Arrange the members of an ecosystem in order of abundance: herbivores, producers, carnivores
Definition
1. producers
2. herbivores
3. carnivores
Term
Which Type.(I-IV) is a poison oak reaction?
Definition
Type IV
Term
Which Type (I-IV) is Cytotoxic blood reactions?
Definition
Type II
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Anaphylaxis?
Definition
Type I
Term
Which type (I-IV) is organ rejection?
Definition
Type IV
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Contact Dermatitis?
Definition
Type IV
Term
Which type (I-IV) is serum sickness?
Definition
Type III
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Hemolytic Disease of the newborn?
Definition
Type II
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Arthus Reaction?
Definition
Type III
Term
Which type (I-IV) is allergies?
Definition
Type I
Term
Which type (I-IV) is drug reactions?
Definition
All 4: I, II, III, IV
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Cell mediated-delayed, cytotoxic, immediate-anaphylaxis, immune complex
Definition
Type I - Immediate - Anaphylaxis
Type II - Cytotoxic
Type III - Immune Complex
Type IV - Cell mediated (delayed)
Term
Which type is immune complex?
Definition
Type III
Term
Which type is Immediate (anaphylaxis)?
Definition
Type I
Term
Which type is cytotoxic?
Definition
Type II
Term
Which type is Cell mediated? Delayed
Definition
Type IV
Term
How does Rhogam protect?
Definition
It intercepts the Rh antigen.
Term
Which blood type is the universal recipient?
Why?
Definition
Type AB
It has not antibodies
Term
Which blood type is the universal donor?
Why?
Definition
Type O
No antigens to attack.
Term
Hyperimmune serum is also known as ________ serum.
Definition
convalescent
Term
Desensitization allergy shots make _____ intercept allergens before they bind to _______
Definition
IgG

IgE
Term
Which hypersensitivity is involved in organ rejection? Type
Definition
Type IV
Term
Which hypersensitivity involves the cell mediated immune system?
Definition
Type IV
Term
Which hypersensitivities involve the humoral immune system?
Definition
I, II, and III
Term
T or F
Sever Combined Immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) is a secondary immunodeficiency characterized by a lack of T-cells and B-cells
Definition
F
SCID is a PRIMARY immunodeficiency characterized by a lack of T-cells and B-cells
Term
What do saprophytes do?
Definition
decompose dead stuff
Term
Arrange the elements of an ecosystem in order of increasing complexity: community, organism, ecosystem, population
Definition
1. organism
2. community
3. population
4. ecosystem
Term
Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert what to what?
Definition
nitrogen gas to ammonia
Term
Nitrifying bacteria change what to what?
Definition
ammonia to nitrates/nitrites
Term
Denitrifying bacteria change what to what?
Definition
nitrates to nitrogen gas
Term
T or F
Producers are also heterotrophs.
Definition
F
Producers are also autotrophs
Term
Which chemical conversion is needed to produce fermented milk products like yogurt, sour cream?
Definition
lactose----> lactic acid
Term
What purpose do yeast serve in the production of alcoholic beverages?
Definition
Conversion of glucose to alcohol and CO2
Term
What 2 areas are areas are monoclonal antibodies useful in>
1. m____________
2. m_____________ t___________
Definition
1. manufacturing
2. medical therapies
Term
How are monoclonal antibodies made>
Definition
immunized mouse spleen cell fused with a myeloma (cancer) cell to give it immortality.**Hybridoma** They are monospecific.
Term
Microorganisms can be unpopular as foods because they have _________ properties
Definition
organoleptic
Term
Which chemical conversions are needed to produce fermented vegetable products like sauerkraut and pickles?
Definition
1. carbs to sugar
2. sugar to lactic acid
Term
Which T Cells destroy antigens by direct lysis>
Definition
cytotoxic T-Cells
Term
What do helper T cells do?
Definition
amplify plasma cell production
Term
T or F
AIDs is a primary immunodeficiency
Definition
F
Aids is a secondary immunodeficiency
Term
Name 3 types of primary immunodeficiencies
Definition
1. SCID
2. DiGeorge
3. Agammaglobulinemia
Term
T or F
Immunodeficiency is a type of hypersensitivity
Definition
F
Term
Examples of killed viruses vaccine>
Definition
influenza, rabies
Term
Examples of live attenuated viruses vaccine.
Definition
Measles, mumps, rubella
Term
Example of bacterial toxins vaccine - toxoid
Definition
diphtheria, tetanus
Term
Example of whole bacteria/cell parts vaccine
Definition
pertussis
Term
T or F
Antitoxins, antisera, antivenins all contain antigens.
Definition
F
They all contain antibodies
Term
What is the most common artificial passive immunity?
Definition
Receiving someone else's antibodies (convalescent serum) also antivenin
Term
What is the most common artificial active immunity>
Definition
Vaccines
Term
What is the most common natural passive immunity>
Definition
A mother's placenta - breast milk
Term
What is the most common natural active immunity>
Definition
An infection
Term
Which acquired immunity comes from antivenin and receiving antibodies>
Definition
Artificial passive
Term
Which acquired immunity comes from a mother's placenta or breast milk?
Definition
Natural passive
Term
Which acquired immunity is from receiving vaccines?
Definition
Artificial active
Term
Which active immunity from an infection.
Definition
Natural active
Term
Yeast converts sugars into carbon dioxide and __________
Definition
ethyl alcohol
Term
What product in fermentation causes bread to rise>
Definition
CO2
Term
Engineered viruses are useful for which>
a. mining
b. bioremediation
c. medical therapies
d. all of the above
Definition
c. medical therapies
Term
What converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites?
Definition
nitrifying bacteria
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
With inflammation and dialation, how leukocytes move through the vessel walls into the surrounding tissue of injury
Term
2 types of allergy tests
Definition
1. RAST
2. Wheal and Flare
Term
Which hypersensitivities involve the humoral system>
Definition
I, II, III
Term
What is another name for hay fever>
Definition
Seasonal allergic Rhinitis
Term
Allergy shots provide what 3 letter immunoglobulin?
Definition
IgG
Term
Are allergies a type of immunodeficiency>
Definition
No, allergies are a hypersensitivity
Term
Type IV hypersensitivities involve __ cells
Definition
T-cells
Term
Explain Fever
Definition
Innate
The elevation of body temperature to kill invading agents, inactivate their toxins - can make the body rest.
Term
Explain inflammation
Definition
Innate
The reddening, swelling and temperature increases at sites of infection
Term
Explain phagocytes
Definition
Innate
The white blood cells that engulf and ingest dirt, bacteria and dead or dying cells to protect the body
Term
HLAs
Definition
Human leukocyte antigens or histocompatibility antigens - most cells in our body have on their body proteins called HLA that alert the immune system to the presence of the antigen.
Term
Explain barriers
Definition
Innate
Physical barriers - skin and mucous membranes
Chemical barriers such as saliva, gastric juices, mucous,(acidic and salty skin)
Term
What is an antigen>
Definition
A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body.
Term
Allergen
Definition
A type of antigen that produces an abnormally rigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.
Term
3 autoimmune disorders
Definition
1. lupus
2. Graves
3. rheumatoid arthritis
Term
What does cell mediated immunity involve the production of?
Definition
Cell mediated immunity involves the production of cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes, activated NK cells and cytokines in response to an antigen and is mediated by T lymphocytes
Term
Opsonization
Definition
Antibodies coat microorganisms to help phagocytes
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