Term
|
Definition
Inherited - present at birth. Example SCID |
|
|
Term
Secondary Immunodeficiency |
|
Definition
Acquired, triggered after birth - example AIDs |
|
|
Term
Which immune defenses are adaptive and which cells are involved? |
|
Definition
1. The Humoral Immunity involves the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen and is mediated by B- Lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytotoxic Reaction - Activation of Complement |
|
|
Term
Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
Immune Complex Reaction
IgG - Arthus Reaction - Serum Sickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell mediated - delayed reaction
|
|
|
Term
Which hypersensitivity is involved in organ rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form of therapy aiming to weaken allergy reactions by exposing patient to gradually increasing doses of allergens - to naturally develop immunologic tolerance of substance |
|
|
Term
Leukocytes - Granulocytes |
|
Definition
Granular with lobed nuclei
'do not eat bananas'
1. Dendritic Cells (Phagocytic)
2. Neutrophils (Phagocytic) 50-70%
3. Eosinophils - Release chemicals to damage parasites
4. Basophils - release histamines/chemicals w/inflammation |
|
|
Term
Leukocytes - Agranulocytes |
|
Definition
Agranulocytes
Llike Monkey's Kids
1. B- Lymphocytes
2. T- Lymphocytes
3. Monocytes - in tissues develop into macrophages which are phagocytic
4. NK Killer Cells |
|
|
Term
Arrange the members of an ecosystem in the order of abundance: herbivores, producers, carnivores |
|
Definition
1. producers(plants - produce their own food)
2. herbivores
3. carnivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Animals are called consumers because they cannot make their own food such as what plants do so these consumers need to consume plants and or animals.
Heterotroph is a type of consumer |
|
|
Term
T or F
Ecology is the study of abiotic elements of an ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arrange the elements of an ecosystem in order of increasing complexity: community, organism, ecosystem, population |
|
Definition
1. Organism
2. Community
3. Population
4. Ecosystem |
|
|
Term
T or F
Energy and nutrients are recycled in a typical ecosystem. |
|
Definition
F
Energy cannot be recycled |
|
|
Term
T or F
Saprophytes are involved in the decomposition of dead stuff. |
|
Definition
T
Saprophytes secrete enzymes to digest dead bodies into nutrients to obtain them directly |
|
|
Term
T or F
Producers are also heterotrophs. |
|
Definition
F
Producers are autotrophs |
|
|
Term
T or F
Fungi and bacteria that break down dead organisms into nutrients are autotrophs and saprophytes. |
|
Definition
F
Not autotrophs
Just saprophytes |
|
|
Term
Distinguish between a habitat and a niche |
|
Definition
Habitat is the place where the population is located such as the woods, sea, garden.
niche is the organism's role within their habitat such as a fox being the predator of rabbits. |
|
|
Term
T or F
Herbivores outnumber carnivores in a typical ecosystem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How does energy enter an ecosystem and approximately how much is transferred when an organism eats? |
|
Definition
From the sun.
10% of it is transferred when an organism eats. |
|
|
Term
T or F
Barley is sprouted, and rice is inoculated with a non-yeast fugus, in order to convert starch to sugar for fermentation in the production of beer and saki respectively. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What purpose do yeast serve in the production of alcoholic beverages? |
|
Definition
Yeast is a beneficial microorganism that converts the sugars present in the juice into CO2. |
|
|
Term
Which chemical conversion is needed to produce fermented milk products like yogurt and sour cream? |
|
Definition
Milk can be fermented by inoculating fresh milk with the appropriate bacteria. As the bacteria grow, they convert milk sugar (lactose) to lactic acid.
The lowered pH caused by lactic acid prevents the growth of pathogens. |
|
|
Term
T or F
Production of yogurt, vinegar, wine, apple juice and soy sauce all involve microorganisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the nitrogen cycle
What changes Nitrogen gas to ammonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of disease could monoclonal antibodies be useful? |
|
Definition
One possible treatment for cancer involves monoclonal antibodies that bind only to cancer cells - specific antigens and induce an immunological response against the target cancer cells. |
|
|
Term
How are monoclonal antibodies made? |
|
Definition
Monoclonal antibodies are typically made by fusing myeloma cells with the spleen cells from a mouse that has been immunized with the desired antigen. |
|
|
Term
Which genetic library contains DNA only from expressed genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Difference between Innate and Adaptive immune defenses |
|
Definition
Innate - Non specific
Skin, mucous, bronchal pulmonary cilia
Adaptive - Specific
Response is antigen dependent. Requires previous exposure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Components of an ecosystem consisting of the nonorganic aspects of the environment. Example temperature, humidity, topography and natural disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biotic - life forms of an ecosystem aid in the transfer and cycle of energy. |
|
|
Term
Nitrogen Cycle and the ecosystem |
|
Definition
Nitrogen forms about 78% of the air on earth but plants do not use nitrogen directly from the air. This is because nitrogen itself is unreactive and cannot be used by green plants to make protein. Nitrogen gas therefore needs to be converted into nitrate compound in the soil by nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil, root nodules, lighting. |
|
|
Term
In Type I, IgE activates what type of cells? |
|
Definition
In Type I, IgE activates mast cells. |
|
|
Term
Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in humans? |
|
Definition
IgG antibodies are found in all body fluids. They are the smallest but most common (75%-80%) of all the antibodies in the body. |
|
|
Term
2 Steps in making vinegar. |
|
Definition
1. Fermentation of sugar ---> Ethanol 2. Ethanol---> Acetic acid |
|
|
Term
Which immunoglobulin is involved in Type I hypersensitivities? |
|
Definition
Type I is also known as Immediate or Anaphylactic hypersensitivity. Mediated by IgE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White blood cells that protect the body by eating (phagocytizing) dirt, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. |
|
|
Term
Whish of the following leukocytes (white blood cells) become phagocytes? a. Dendritic Cells b. Neutrophils c. Eosinophils d. Basophils e. B & T Lymphocytes f. Monocytes G. Natural Killer Cells |
|
Definition
M-E-N 1. monocytes 2. eosinophils 3. neutrophils |
|
|
Term
T or F
Lymphoid stem cells become B-Cells in the thymus |
|
Definition
F
T-cells are lymphocytes that originate from bone marrow stem cells but emigrate to mature in the thymus |
|
|
Term
General uses for monoclonal antibodies |
|
Definition
1. Purification 2. Therapies 3. Diagnostics |
|
|
Term
The antigenic determinant of a foreign substance is the ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name 3 processes occurring from the antigen-antibody complex. |
|
Definition
1. opsonization 2. agglutination 3. complement |
|
|
Term
Which immune cells produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is meant by valence of an antigen? |
|
Definition
Number of epitopes allowing number of antibodies binding to epitopes. |
|
|
Term
Name 1 Innate and 1 Adaptive defense leading to direct lysis of bacterial pathogens. |
|
Definition
1. Innate - Complement 2 Adaptive - Cytotoxic T-Cells |
|
|
Term
Lymphoid stem cells become __ cells in the thymus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which immune defense are adaptive and which cells are involved. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What 2 things does complement promote? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
White blood cells that combat multicellular parasites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antiviral protein produced by cells that have been invaded by a virus - it inhibits replication of the virus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most abundant type of white blood cell which identifies and produces antibodies. |
|
|
Term
What does DiGeorge Syndrome lack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Allergic reactions to poison oak and poison ivy are examples of which type of hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which blood type is the universal recipient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do we call a transplant between unrelated humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is not a correct pair? a. histocompatibility antigens - HLA b. Type I hypersensitivity - IgE c. Cyclosporin A - Humoral suppression d. Type III hypersensitivity - Arthus reaction |
|
Definition
c. Cyclosporin A - Humoral suppression |
|
|
Term
T or F Type IV hypersensitivities require antibody-antigen complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F The first conversion in producing beer and saki is to convert starch into glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F People with type O blood are universal donors because they have neither anti A nor Anti B antibodies in their blood serum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F Genomic libraries contain DNA only from active genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F Only Rh negative mothers are at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does nitrogen fixing bacteria do? |
|
Definition
Converts nitrogen gas to ammonia |
|
|
Term
What does nitrifying bacteria do? |
|
Definition
Converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites |
|
|
Term
What does nitrifying bacteria do? |
|
Definition
Converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites |
|
|
Term
What does denitrifying bacteria do? |
|
Definition
Converts nitrates/nitrites to Nitrogen gas. |
|
|
Term
What changes nitrogen gas to ammonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What converts nitrates/nitrites to nitrogen gas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which have cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei? |
|
Definition
Granulocytes 'do not eat bananas' 1.dendritic 2. neutrophils 3. eosinophils 4. basophils |
|
|
Term
2 conversions leading to sour flavor of fermented vegetables. |
|
Definition
carb to sugar sugar to lactic acid |
|
|
Term
2 Steps in production of beer. |
|
Definition
1. starch to sugar 2. yeast for sugar to alcohol |
|
|
Term
General formula for alcoholic fermentation |
|
Definition
sugar + yeast ---> ethyl alcohol + CO2 |
|
|
Term
Arrange the members of an ecosystem in order of abundance: herbivores, producers, carnivores |
|
Definition
1. producers 2. herbivores 3. carnivores |
|
|
Term
Which Type.(I-IV) is a poison oak reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which Type (I-IV) is Cytotoxic blood reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Anaphylaxis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is organ rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Contact Dermatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is serum sickness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Hemolytic Disease of the newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Arthus Reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is allergies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is drug reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type (I-IV) is Cell mediated-delayed, cytotoxic, immediate-anaphylaxis, immune complex |
|
Definition
Type I - Immediate - Anaphylaxis Type II - Cytotoxic Type III - Immune Complex Type IV - Cell mediated (delayed) |
|
|
Term
Which type is immune complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type is Immediate (anaphylaxis)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type is Cell mediated? Delayed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It intercepts the Rh antigen. |
|
|
Term
Which blood type is the universal recipient? Why? |
|
Definition
Type AB It has not antibodies |
|
|
Term
Which blood type is the universal donor? Why? |
|
Definition
Type O No antigens to attack. |
|
|
Term
Hyperimmune serum is also known as ________ serum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Desensitization allergy shots make _____ intercept allergens before they bind to _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which hypersensitivity is involved in organ rejection? Type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which hypersensitivity involves the cell mediated immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which hypersensitivities involve the humoral immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F Sever Combined Immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) is a secondary immunodeficiency characterized by a lack of T-cells and B-cells |
|
Definition
F SCID is a PRIMARY immunodeficiency characterized by a lack of T-cells and B-cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arrange the elements of an ecosystem in order of increasing complexity: community, organism, ecosystem, population |
|
Definition
1. organism 2. community 3. population 4. ecosystem |
|
|
Term
Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert what to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nitrifying bacteria change what to what? |
|
Definition
ammonia to nitrates/nitrites |
|
|
Term
Denitrifying bacteria change what to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F Producers are also heterotrophs. |
|
Definition
F Producers are also autotrophs |
|
|
Term
Which chemical conversion is needed to produce fermented milk products like yogurt, sour cream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What purpose do yeast serve in the production of alcoholic beverages? |
|
Definition
Conversion of glucose to alcohol and CO2 |
|
|
Term
What 2 areas are areas are monoclonal antibodies useful in> 1. m____________ 2. m_____________ t___________ |
|
Definition
1. manufacturing 2. medical therapies |
|
|
Term
How are monoclonal antibodies made> |
|
Definition
immunized mouse spleen cell fused with a myeloma (cancer) cell to give it immortality.**Hybridoma** They are monospecific. |
|
|
Term
Microorganisms can be unpopular as foods because they have _________ properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which chemical conversions are needed to produce fermented vegetable products like sauerkraut and pickles? |
|
Definition
1. carbs to sugar 2. sugar to lactic acid |
|
|
Term
Which T Cells destroy antigens by direct lysis> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do helper T cells do? |
|
Definition
amplify plasma cell production |
|
|
Term
T or F AIDs is a primary immunodeficiency |
|
Definition
F Aids is a secondary immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
Name 3 types of primary immunodeficiencies |
|
Definition
1. SCID 2. DiGeorge 3. Agammaglobulinemia |
|
|
Term
T or F Immunodeficiency is a type of hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Examples of killed viruses vaccine> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Examples of live attenuated viruses vaccine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Example of bacterial toxins vaccine - toxoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Example of whole bacteria/cell parts vaccine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F Antitoxins, antisera, antivenins all contain antigens. |
|
Definition
F They all contain antibodies |
|
|
Term
What is the most common artificial passive immunity? |
|
Definition
Receiving someone else's antibodies (convalescent serum) also antivenin |
|
|
Term
What is the most common artificial active immunity> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the most common natural passive immunity> |
|
Definition
A mother's placenta - breast milk |
|
|
Term
What is the most common natural active immunity> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which acquired immunity comes from antivenin and receiving antibodies> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which acquired immunity comes from a mother's placenta or breast milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which acquired immunity is from receiving vaccines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which active immunity from an infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Yeast converts sugars into carbon dioxide and __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What product in fermentation causes bread to rise> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Engineered viruses are useful for which> a. mining b. bioremediation c. medical therapies d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What converts ammonia to nitrates/nitrites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
With inflammation and dialation, how leukocytes move through the vessel walls into the surrounding tissue of injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. RAST 2. Wheal and Flare |
|
|
Term
Which hypersensitivities involve the humoral system> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is another name for hay fever> |
|
Definition
Seasonal allergic Rhinitis |
|
|
Term
Allergy shots provide what 3 letter immunoglobulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are allergies a type of immunodeficiency> |
|
Definition
No, allergies are a hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
Type IV hypersensitivities involve __ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Innate The elevation of body temperature to kill invading agents, inactivate their toxins - can make the body rest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Innate The reddening, swelling and temperature increases at sites of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Innate The white blood cells that engulf and ingest dirt, bacteria and dead or dying cells to protect the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Human leukocyte antigens or histocompatibility antigens - most cells in our body have on their body proteins called HLA that alert the immune system to the presence of the antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Innate Physical barriers - skin and mucous membranes Chemical barriers such as saliva, gastric juices, mucous,(acidic and salty skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of antigen that produces an abnormally rigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lupus 2. Graves 3. rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
What does cell mediated immunity involve the production of? |
|
Definition
Cell mediated immunity involves the production of cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes, activated NK cells and cytokines in response to an antigen and is mediated by T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antibodies coat microorganisms to help phagocytes |
|
|