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Definition
| the largest membrane-bound organelle and is usually found in the cell’s center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information. (antiport), or the movement of a single molecule in one direction (uniport). |
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| an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. The organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm and are enclosed in biologic membranes. |
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| network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. Specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles. Responsible for protein folding and sensing cell stress. |
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| a network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles that break away from the Golgi complex and migrate to a variety of intracellular and extracellular destinations, including the plasma membrane. |
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| saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances completely to their basic components, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Cellular debris is encapsulated within a vesicle that reacts with a lysosome to complete its degradation, a process called autophagy. Autophagy plays a crucial role in health and disease. |
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| similar to lysosomes but contain several oxidative enzymes, such as catalase and urate oxidase. |
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| found in great numbers in most cells and are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. The enzymes of the respiratory chain (electron transport chain), found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, generate most of the cell’s ATP. |
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| Vaults which are cytoplasmic organelles. They are thought to function as cellular “trucks” carrying mRNA from the nucleus to the ribosomal sites of protein synthesis. |
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| the “bone and muscle” of the cell. The internal skeleton is composed of a network of protein filaments including microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments). |
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| encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways. The plasma membrane is a bilayer of lipids and proteins not uniformly distributed but can separate into discrete units called microdomains. |
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Definition
(1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the cell;
(2) pores or transport channels;
(3) enzymes that drive active pumps;
(4) cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins;
(5) cell adhesion molecules; and
(6) catalysts of chemical reactions. |
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Definition
| major workhorses of the cell. A protein is made from a chain of amino acids known as polypeptides. Cellular receptors are protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that are capable of recognizing and binding smaller molecules, called ligands. |
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| The ligand-receptor complex |
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Definition
| initiates a series of protein interactions, causing adenylyl cyclase to catalyze the transformation of cellular ATP to messenger molecules that stimulate specific responses within the cell. |
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Definition
| the study of the proteome or entire set of proteins expressed by a genome—from synthesis, translocation, and modification (e.g., folding) to their role in a staggering number of diseases. |
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| Where is the carbohydrate contained within the plasma membrane generally bound? |
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Definition
| Withing the blasma membrane |
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| Cells are held together by three different means: |
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Definition
| (1) the extracellular membrane; (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell’s plasma membrane; and (3) specialized cell junctions. |
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| The extracellular matrix includes three types of protein fibers: |
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Definition
| collagen, elastin, and fibronectin. |
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| What does the extracellular matrix help regulate? |
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Definition
| cell growth and differentiation. |
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Definition
| is a thin layer of connective tissue underlying the epithelium of many organs. It is also called the basal lamina. (IMPORTANT WHEN WE DISCUSS DISEASE) |
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| The three main types of cell junctions are |
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Definition
| desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions. |
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| Primary modes of intercellular signaling are contact-dependent |
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Definition
| paracrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter. |
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| The chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions are referred to as |
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| the energy-using process of metabolism |
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| energy-releasing process of metabolism |
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| an energy-transferring molecule. |
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| Energy is stored by molecules of _____, _____, _____, which, when catabolized, transfer energy to _____ |
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Definition
| carbohydrate, lipid, and proteine...ATP |
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Definition
Water and small, electrically uncharged molecules move through pores in the plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer.. Does not require the expenditure of energy; rather, it is driven by the physical effects of osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion.
Larger molecules and molecular complexes (e.g., ligand-receptor complexes) are moved into the cell by active transport, which requires expenditure of energy (by means of ATP) by the cell. |
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Definition
| is a cellular internalizing process where a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginates, and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves inside the cell. |
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| Four subdivisions of endocytosis: |
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Definition
(1) clathrin-mediated endocytosis;
(2) caveolae-mediated endocytosis;
(3) macropinocytosis; and
(4) phagocytosis. |
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Definition
| the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration. |
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| the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. |
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Definition
| the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. |
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Definition
| amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water in the solution. |
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Definition
| overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins. |
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Definition
| can be passive or active. Mediated transport includes the movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction (symport) or in opposite directions |
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Definition
| Passive mediated transport which does not require the expenditure of metabolic energy. |
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| Active mediated transport |
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Definition
| requires metabolic energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient. |
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Definition
| also occurs by endocytosis, or vesicle formation. |
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Definition
| a type of endocytosis in which fluids and solute molecules are ingested through formation of small vesicles. |
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Definition
| a type of endocytosis in which large particles, such as bacteria, are ingested through formation of large vesicles, called vacuoles. |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| All body cells are electrically polarized, with the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside. The difference in voltage across the plasma membrane is the resting membrane potential. When an excitable (nerve or muscle) cell receives an electrochemical stimulus, cations enter the cell, causing a rapid change in the resting membrane potential known as the action potential. The action potential “moves” along the cell’s plasma membrane and is transmitted to an adjacent cell. This is how electrochemical signals convey information from cell to cell. |
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| Cellular reproduction in body tissues involves ________ (nuclear division) and ________ (cytoplasmic division). |
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Definition
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| Only mature cells are capable of division. Maturation occurs during a stage of cellular life called ________ (_______) |
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Definition
| Interphase (growth phase) |
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| Four phases of the cell cycle: |
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Definition
| S Phase, G2 Phase, M phase, G1 Phase |
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| phase, during which DNA synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus; |
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Definition
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| the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); |
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Definition
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| nvolves both nuclear (mitotic) and cytoplasmic (cytokinetic) division; involves four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; and |
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Definition
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| Four stages of the M phase? |
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Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; |
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| the phase after which the cycle begins again. |
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Definition
| The G1 Phase, growth phase, or interphase |
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| Substance that triggers cell cycle events |
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Definition
| CKD or cyclin-dependent protein kinase |
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| are cells with the potential to develop into many different cell types during early development and growth. |
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Definition
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| The four basic types of tissues: |
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Definition
| epithelial, muscle, neural, and connective tissues. |
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| covers most internal and external surfaces of the body. The functions of epithelial tissue include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion. |
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| binds various tissues and organs together, supporting them in their locations and serving as storage sites for excess nutrients. |
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Definition
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| composed of long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers called myocytes. Muscle tissue that is attached to bones enables voluntary movement. Muscle tissues in internal organs enable involuntary movement, such as the heartbeat. |
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| composed of highly specialized cells called neurons that receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly across junctions called synapses. |
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Definition
| Injury to cells and their surrounding environment, called the extracellular matrix, leads to tissue and organ injury. Cellular adaptation is an alteration that enables the cell to maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions. |
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| a decrease in cellular size. The mechanisms probably include decreased protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism, or both. |
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Definition
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| occurs with early development; for example, the thymus gland |
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Definition
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| occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation. |
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| causes brain cells and endocrine-dependent organs, such as the gonads, to become atrophic. |
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Definition
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| an increase in the size of cells caused by increased work demands or hormonal stimulation. Hypertrophy can be physiologic or pathologic. Amounts of protein in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, and mitochondria are increased. |
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Definition
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| an increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of cellular division. Compensatory hyperplasia enables certain organs to regenerate. Hormonal hyperplasia is stimulated by hormones to replace lost tissue or support new growth, such as during pregnancy. |
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Definition
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| the abnormal proliferation of normal cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation of growth factors on target cells. |
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| An abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of mature tissue |
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Definition
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| The reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type |
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Definition
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| Thought to develop from reprogramming of stem cells in most epithelia or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in connective tissue. |
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Definition
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| Injury to _____ and to the ______ leads to injury of tissues and organs, ultimately determining the structural patterns of disease. |
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Definition
| Cells, extracellular matrix. |
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| Term used for cell injury caused by lack of oxygen. |
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Definition
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| Free radical cell injury is called |
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Definition
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| Four biochemical themes important to cell injury |
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Definition
1. Depletion of ATP
2. Decreased levels of O2 and increased levels of oxygen-derived free radicals
3. Increased concentration of intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state
4. defects in membrane permeability |
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| The initial insult in hypoxic injury is usually: |
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Definition
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| The cessation of blood flow into vessels that supply the cell with oxygen an nutrients |
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Definition
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| Lipid peroxidation (destruction of unsaturated fatty acids), alterations of proteins, and alterations in DNA are events that are caused by what? |
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Definition
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| The initial insult in chemical injury: |
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Definition
| Damage or destruction of the plasma membrane |
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| These are the result of the application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues: |
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Definition
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| Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen |
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Definition
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| Four general categories of asphyxial injuries: |
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Definition
| Suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, and drowning |
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