-What is CO₂

~The byproduct of respiration, acid in the blood

~The respiratory componenet of the blood gas analysis

-What is  Bicarbonate's (HCO₃) 

role in the body?

-A base that acts as a buffer in the blood

-The metobolic componenet

in the blood gas analysis

-What does PaO₂ mean?

- & whats the normal range?

~ Normal= 80 - 100

-Important in determining O₂ status, but not

necessary to determine ABG status

-Indicates if the patient has hypoxia

Respiratory Acidosis

-PH, PCO_2, HCO₃ levels

PH < 7.35

PCo₂ > 45

HCO₃ 22-26 (stays the same)

~Respiratory depression: narcotics, drug overdose

~Respiratory Muscle Paralysis: spinal chord injury

~Chest wall disorders: Pnuemothorax

~Lung disorders: CHF, COPD, Pnumonia

-potassium (k) is usually involved

-Hypoventilation

Respiratory Alkalosis

PH, PCO₂, HCO₃ levels

- PH > 7.45

- PCO₂ < 35

- HCO₃ 22-26 (stays the same)

~Psychogenic: Fear, Pain, Anxiety

~CNS stimulation: Brain injury, early ASA overdose

~Hyper metabolic state: Fever

~Hypoxia: Pilmonary embolism, high altitide

~Mechanical Over ventilation: rate set to fast

~Hyperventilation

Metabolic Acidosis

Ph, PCO₂, HCO₃ levels

- PH < 7.35

- PCO₂ 35-45 (stays the same)

-HCO₃ < 22

What causes Metabolic Acidoses

-Starvation

-Renal failure

-Diarrhea

-Ingestion of acid: ASA overdose, oral antifreeze

~Large losses of gastric contents: vomiting, NG suction

~Loss of Potassium- Diarrhea, vomiting

~Ingestion of large amounts of bicarb: Antacids, resuscitation, baking soda

-What does SaO₂ (oxygen saturation) measure

-What is a normal level

-Measures the % of O₂ bound to hemoglobin

-normal = >95%

normal PH value (7.35-7.45) in ABG interpretation

indicates Compensated or uncompensated

Compensated

~PH within normal ranges (7.35-7.45) is compensated

~PH that is abnormal is uncompensated

Normal Values for ABGs

PH, PaCO₂, HCO₃, PaO₂

~PH: 7.35-7.45

~PaCO₂: 35-45

~PaO₂: 80-100

~HCO₃: 22-26

What mechanisms in the body regulate

fluid volume and electrolyte concentrations?

-The release or inhibition of antiduiretic hormone (ADH)

-The release of atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)

-The renin-angiotension-aldosterone system

Sighns and Symptoms of hypovolemia

Fluid depletion/Dehydration

•Dry tongue

•Cool hands or feet

•↓cap refill

• ↓Blood pressure

• ↑increased pulse

• ↑ Temperature

• Rapid, weak respirations

• Urine: dark in color

• Stool: dry

•poor skin turgor

• Sleepy

Sighns and symptoms of hypervolemia

Fluid overaload/overhydration

•Wheezy dry cough

•Leg/ankle edema

•Breathlessness

•Pulmonary edema

•Moist cough

•Pale cool skin

• ↑ blood pressure

• ↑ pulse/bounding

•Anxious

•Urine:light in color

•Stool:bulky

What are Electrolytes &

what are they responsible for

-Minerals that are present in all body fluids

• Regulate fluid balance & hormone production

• Strengthen skeletal structures

• Metabolism of nutrients

• Act as catalysts in nerve response,

& muscle contraction

-What is the normal value of Sodium (Na⁺)

-What are Na⁺ associated with

&

-Where is it found in the body

-Normal value 135-145

-Associated with fluid volume imbalance

-Major ecectrolyte found in the ECF

What are the hormones that regulate

Sodium (Na⁺) balance

•Aldosterone

•ADH _{antidiuretic hormone}

•Renin

•ANP

What are the causes of Hyponatremia

• ↑Sodium (Na⁺) excretion

•Inadequate or ↓ Na⁺ intake

•Dilution of serum Na⁺ (↑H₂0 intake)

•excessive GI loss

•Advanced renal disorder

•Diuretics

• <135_mEq/L Na⁺ serum levels

•↓ Sodium (Na⁺) extretion

• ↑ Na⁺ intake

• ↓ H₂0 intake

• ↑H₂0 loss

• >145 _mEq/L Na⁺ levels

•Transmission of nerve impulses

•Myocardial contractions

•blood clotting

•Formation of bones & teeth

•Muscle contractions

-What are the normal values of Potassium (K⁺)

- What does K⁺ affect, and happens with deficit

3.5 - 5.0 _mEq/L

~ Affects every body system

~A deficit could be life threatening

_{~A lab value that should be looked at every day}

_{with every patient..think CARDIAC}

•Total body Potassium (K⁺) loss

• ↓ K⁺ intake

• Movement of K⁺ from extracellular fluid

to intracellular fluid

• Dilution of serum potassium

• < 3.5 _mEq/L of K⁺

Signs & Symptoms of Potassium (K⁺) deficit

A SIC WALT ↓

Alkalosis

Shallow breathing                   

Irritability

Confusion, drowsiness

Weakness, fatigue

Arrythmias, irregular rate, Tachycardia

Lethargy

Thready pulse

↓ Intestinal Motility, N/V, ileus

•Excessive potassium (K⁺) intake: _{overmedicating w/ OTC}

•↓ K⁺ excretion

• Movement of K⁺ from intracellular fluid

to the extracellular fluid

- Muscle twitching→Cramps→Parestesia

- Irritability & Anxiety

 -Dysrhythemias, Irregular Rythm

- Abdominal cramping

- Diarrhea

 -↓ Blood pressure

What are the normal values of Calcium (Ca⁺)

Serum level

Ionized level

-how does Ca⁺ effect nerves?

Serum levels

4.5 - 5.5 _mEq/L

Ionized Ca⁺ level

8.5 - 10 _mg/dL

~Calcium (Ca⁺) exerts a sedative effect on nerves

-Neuromuscular transmission

-Contraction of muscles

-Blood clotting

-Bone & tooth construction

-Cell membrane function