Term
| What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
- Norepinephrine and epinephrine (released by the adrenals)
- Dopamine |
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Term
| What are the receptors for acetylcholine? Where are they found? |
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Definition
Chonlinergic
a. Muscarinic (located on smooth m., cardiac m., and glands |
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Term
| What are the receptors for norepineprhine, epinephrine, and dopamine? |
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Definition
Adrenergic
a. Alpha1 - peripheral
b. Alpha2 - central stimulation/visceral
c. Beta1 - heart
d. Beta2 - lungs, smooth muscle
Dopaminergic (Parkinson's disease)
- kidneys (juxtaglomerular cells renin secretion)
- heart (stimulate blood pressure/cardiac output) |
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Term
| What are muscarinic agonists used for? |
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Definition
- to increase smooth m. tone
* GI tract, urinary bladder, eye
- to reduce heart rate
- to improve memory
* those specific to the brain used for Alzheimer's Tx |
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Term
| What are the side effects of muscarinic agonists? |
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Definition
SLUDGE
S = Salivation or sweating
L = Lacrimation
U = Urination
D = Diarrhea
G = Gastrointestinal upset
E = Eye: miosis or emesis |
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Term
What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?
What chemical agents tend to target this enzyme?
What does excess acetylcholine cause? |
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Definition
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
- the target of many nerve gases
- excess acetylcholine causes neuromuscular paralysis |
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Term
| What is the action of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors? |
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Definition
Inhibit the action of AChE >> prolonged effect of ACh
- type that does not cross the blood brain barrier causes cholinergic effects |
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Term
| What receptors do acetylcholinesterase inhibitors tend to have an affection for? |
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Definition
Affection for nicotinic receptors sites (skeletal muscle)
- However natural rise in acetylcholine that results also yields muscarinic side effects |
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Term
| What is the family for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors? |
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Definition
| "stigmines" i.e. neostigmine |
|
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Term
| What do we use stigmines for? |
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Definition
Medically approved use for stigmines is Tx of myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness due autoimmune destruction of ACh receptor sites, most innervated muscles = most effected).
- also used as an antidote for curare (muscle relaxant)
- also used in Alzheimer's disease |
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Term
| What are the contraindications for AChE Inhibitors? |
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Definition
- pregnancy
- lactation
- bradycardia
- hypotension
- asthma
- GI surgery
- epilepsy
- Parkinsonism |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects associated w/ AChE Inhibitors? |
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Definition
- Sludge
- Hypotension
- Heart Block
- Bradycardia
- Urinary urgency |
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Term
| In what order are body parts innervated? |
|
Definition
- eyes
- face
- limbs
- trunk
- neck
- diaphragm |
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Term
| What is the antidote for an AChE inhibitor? |
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Definition
| Atropine (an ACh inhibitor) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dementia: Alzheimer's Type |
|
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Term
| What is Alzheimer's disease? |
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Definition
| Results from a loss of acetylcholine production in the brain and the target neurons become less effective. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
What is symptomatic bradycardia?
What drug is used to treat it? |
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Definition
Bradycardia showing the symptoms of confusion, passing out, weakness, inability to concentrate
Atropine is used to treat. |
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Term
| What is the mnemonic for the side affects of atropine? |
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Definition
Mad as a hatter (CNS agitation)
Dry as a bone (decreased secretions)
Hot as a furnace (thermoregulator affected, decreased sweat)
Red as a beet (vasodilation)
Blind as a bat (dilated pupils) |
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Term
| What things are controlled by the alpha 1 receptors? |
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Definition
| - peripheral blood vessels |
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Term
| What things are controlled by alpha2 receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What things are controlled by beta1 receptors? |
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Definition
| Very strong control of the heart. |
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Term
| What things are controlled by beta2 receptors? |
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Definition
- Smooth m. of the lungs (bronchial dilation)
- Relaxation of the uterus
- Activation of glycogenolysis in the liver |
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Term
| Aqueous humor production in the eye is the result of the effects of what receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin regulation is the result of the effects of what receptor? |
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Definition
| Combination alpha and beta. |
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Term
| Sphincter control is the result of the effects of what receptor? |
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Definition
| A little alpha1 and a little beta2. |
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Term
| What is the role of monoamine oxidase? |
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Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine after reuptake into the nerve terminal. |
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Term
| What is the role of catecholamine-O-methyl transferase? |
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Definition
| Destroys norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft. |
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Term
| How does a direct acting drug work? |
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Definition
| It binds to the receptor site and mimics the action of the neurotransmitter. |
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Term
| How does an indirect acting drug work? |
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Definition
| It stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter. |
|
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Term
| How does a mixed acting drug work? |
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Definition
| It both binds to the receptor site mimicing the neurotransmitter and stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter. |
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|
Term
What route is unusable for catecholamines?
Why? |
|
Definition
Oral
- destroyed by gastric acid |
|
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Term
| How does an indirect acting drug work? |
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Definition
| It stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter. |
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Term
| What is a characteristic of all sympathomimetic drugs? |
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Definition
| They all cause tolerance. |
|
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Term
| What are the 5 mechanisms by which drugs affect synaptic transmission? |
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Definition
1. Affect the neurotransmitter synthesis in the presynaptic nerve
2. Prevent storage of neurotransmitter in the presynaptic nerve
3. Influence the release of neurotransmitter in the presynaptic nerve
4. Prevent normal destruction or reuptake of neurotransmitter
5. Bind to the receptor site on the postsynaptic target tissue |
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Term
| What are the natural cathecholamines? |
|
Definition
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
- Dopamine |
|
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Term
| What are the synthetic catecholamines? |
|
Definition
- Isopreterenol
- Dobutamine |
|
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Term
| What are the noncatecholamines? |
|
Definition
- Ephedrine
- Phenylephrine
- Terbutaline |
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Term
What is the name ending for all of the beta2 agonists?
What are they used for? |
|
Definition
- "ol"
- respiratory drugs (for bronchodilation) |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of beta2 selective drugs? |
|
Definition
Beta2 short acting and beta2 long acting
- only one beta2 long acting = salmeterol |
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Term
| What is the name ending for the beta2 antagonists? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name suffix for benzodiazapines? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What drug is the base element for methamphetamine? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the main differences b/t catecholamines and noncatecholamines? |
|
Definition
Noncatecholimines
- work well orally
- are distributed to the CNS quickly (catecholamines only in large doses) |
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Term
| What do you have to monitor for with indirect acting sympathomimetics? |
|
Definition
Tyramine sources
- MAO producer
- dairy
- aged cheese
- yogurt
- fava beans
- dark beer and wine |
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Term
| What is the function of the reticular activation system? |
|
Definition
- consciousness and arousal
- an alerting mechanism
- a filter process that allows for
concentration
* RAS is a key target for drugs actin on the CNS
* RAS exerts control over the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What is the function of the limbic system? |
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Definition
| emotions, learning, memory, and motivation |
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Term
| What is the function of the extrapyrimidal system? |
|
Definition
| movement, coordination, and posture |
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Term
|
Definition
Recurrent normal condition of inertia and unresponsiveness
- overt and covert responses are markedly reduced |
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Term
| What is the most prescribed medication? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three anxiety types? |
|
Definition
1. Generalized anxiety disorders
2. Obsessive compulsive disorders
3. Panic disorders |
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Term
| What are the 5 stages of sleep? |
|
Definition
Stage 1 (2%-5%)
- dozing or feelings of drifting off, easily awakened. Insomniacs longer stage 1 than normal.
Stage 2 (50%)
- relaxed but can be easily awakened. Occasional REM and some eyeball movement.
Stage 3 (5%)
- Deep sleep, difficult to awaken. Vitals decrease
Stage 4 (10%-15%)
- Sleepwalking or bed-wetting may occur, difficult to awaken. If awakened very groggy. Dreaming esp about daily events.
REM Sleep (25%-33%)
- Rapid eye movements, vivid dreams. Respirations may be irregular. |
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|
Term
| What are the primary sleep disorders? |
|
Definition
- Insomnia
- Sleep disturbances |
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Term
| What are the 4 categories of barbiturates? |
|
Definition
1. Ultra short
- anasthesia for short surgical procedures (thiopental)
2. Short
- sedative/hypnotic, control of convulsive conditions (pento/secobarbital)
3. Intermediate
- sedative/hypnotic, control of convulsive conditions (butabarbital)
4. Long
- sedative/hypnotic, epileptic seizure prophylaxis (phenobarbital, mephobarbital) |
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Term
| What are the side effects of Adderall and methylphenidate. |
|
Definition
Adderall and Ritalin used for ADHD
- lower the threshold for seizures |
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