Term
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Definition
1. Disruption of bacterial cell wall through inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis (bactericidal)
2. Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis (bacteriostatic)
3. Interruption of enzyme needed for folic acid synthesis (Decrease replication = bacteriostatic)
4. Interference with normal metabolism (bacteriostatic) |
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Term
| What is the M.O.A. of Natural Penicillin's? |
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Definition
1. Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal) by interrupting the enzyme needed for bacterial cell division
2. Narrow Spectrum
3. Bacteria that produce penicillinase render the natural penicillins Ineffective
4. Effective against mild to moderate infections (Strep & Staph) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
2. Bacteriostatic at LOW concentrations
3. Bactericidal at HIGH concentrations
4. PO or IV use only, Too painful to give IM
5. 1st Macrolide was Erythromycin, which is known for it's bad taste and GI upset. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis - bacteriostatic
2. Distributed well in the body - crossess the BBB so will reach CSF
3. True broad "Spectrum" antibiotics, however many bacteria have developed resistance
4. Effective against:
- Some Gram (+)
- Some Gram (-)
- Rickettsia
- Mycoplasma
- Chlamydia
- H. pylori (Stomach bacteria that causes peptic ulcer) |
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Term
Definitions...
Infectious Disease? |
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Definition
| The clinical manifestation of invasion by microorganisms. |
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Term
Definitions...
Normal Flora? |
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Definition
| Bacteria that normally and harmless inhabit the human body |
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Term
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Definition
| The disease-producing potential of the microorganism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A select group of microorganisms that almost always cause disease. |
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Term
Definitions...
Opportunistic Pathogens? |
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Definition
| Organisms capable of producing infectious disease in a weakened host. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria which depends on oxygen survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen-containing environment |
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Term
Definitions...
Facultative Anaerobic? |
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Definition
| Bacteria capable of adapting its metabolism to either -- oxygen or no oxygen |
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Term
| What are the Classifications of Bacteria? |
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Definition
1. Shape (Cocci, Bacilli, Spherical, Rods)
2. Motility (Flagella)
3. Aerobic Vs. Anaerobic
4. Presence of Pili (hair like structures which facilitate attachment to a host)
5. Gram (-) Vs. Gram (+)
6. Acid Fast (TB = Acid Fact Bacilli)
7. Presence of Spores (TB)
8. Typical Vs. Atypical |
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Term
| What are the Gram Staining's to Classify Bacteria? |
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Definition
| Gram (+): Bacteria ACCEPTS the crystal violet stain. Appears Purple on slide. Gram (-): Bacteria REJECTS the crystal violet strain, but ACCEPTS the counter stain of Safranin. Appears Pink on the slide. - Gram negative is more Serious and more Difficult to kill. |
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Term
Definitions...
Bacteriostatic? |
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Definition
| Agents which inhibit the growth of microorganisms. |
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Term
Definitions...
Bactericidal? |
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Definition
| Agents which kill microorganisms. |
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Term
Definitions...
Antimicrobial's? |
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Definition
| Agents (Natural, Synthetic, or Semi-Synthetic) Which kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. |
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Term
Definitions...
Superinfection? |
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Definition
| A Secondary infection arising during the course of primary therapy. |
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Term
Definitions...
Selective Toxicity? |
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Definition
| The ability of a drug to injure a target cell without injuring other cells that are in close contact with the target. |
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Term
Super Infections...
What is Candidiasis? |
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Definition
| It is a super infection often occurring secondary to antibiotic therapy d/t suppression of the normal flora allowing a fungus to grow. Generally dx by characteristic rash (Erythematous with "Satellite Lesions", causing pruritus and/or pain |
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Term
Super Infections...
What is Treatment of Candidasis? |
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Definition
| Treatment: Is generally with anti-fungal agents such as Mycostatin swish & swallow for oral cases; or Nystatin ointment or powder for skin lesions. |
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Term
Super Infections...
What is Clostridium Difficile Colitis? |
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Definition
Clostridium Difficile Colitis (C. dif colitis) is a pseudomembraneous colitis (infection of the colon) which occurs as a result of normal intestinal flora being killed by the administration of an antibiotic. This allows room for the c. difficile bacteria (anaerobic) to grow and cause disease.
- Is contagious by person to person contact
- Should be suspected in any patient developing severe diarrhea who is currently taken or has recently taken antibiotics.
- Diagnosed by stool culture
- Contact Isolation. Wash hands with soap and water! ...is resistant to hand gel. |
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Term
Super Infections...
What are signs and symptoms of Clostridium Difficile Colitis? |
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Definition
Signs & Symptoms:
- Freq. watery foul smelling stools, with abdominal crampy and tenderness.
- Fever, lethargy, electrolyte imbalances
Implications: Bowel Perforation, Electrolyte Imbalances, Death |
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Term
Super Infections...
What is Treatment for Clostridium Difficile Colitis? |
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Definition
Treatment:
1) Stop the offending antibiotic as soon as clinically possible
2) Replace the normal bacterial flora with yogurt or lactobacillus tablets
3) metronidazole/Flagyl or PO vancomycin/Vancocin is often ordered |
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Term
| What is the definition of infectious diseases? |
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Definition
| The clinical manifestation of invasion by microorganisms |
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Term
| What is the definition of Normal flora? |
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Definition
| it is bacteria that normally and harmlessly inhabit the human body |
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Term
| What is the definition of Virulence? |
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Definition
| it is the disease-producing potential of the microorganism. |
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Term
| What is the definition of Pathogens? |
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Definition
| it is a select group of microorganisms that almost always causes disease. |
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Term
| What is the definition of Opportunistic pathogens? |
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Definition
| it is the organisms capable of producing infectious diseases in a weakened host. |
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Term
| How do microbes causes diseases? |
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Definition
1. Increase in numbers that overcome the immune defenses and disrupt normal cell function.
2. Produce toxins - even small amounts can disrupt normal cell activity. Some bacteria release toxins (endotoxins) after they die and can cause death (endotoxic shock) |
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Term
What is the spectrum of Natural Penicillins?
Is it Penicillinase sensitive or not? |
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Definition
- Narrow Spectrum
- Penicillinase sensitive (The penicillin is destroyed by bacteria that produce penicillinase) |
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Term
| What are the 3 Natural Penicillins? Generic and Trade names? |
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Definition
- penicillin G (Bicillin)
- procaine penicillin
- penicillin V (PenVeeK) |
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Term
What is the spectrum of Aminopenicillins?
Is it Penicillinase sensitive or not? |
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Definition
- Broader Spectrum
- Is penicillinase sensitive |
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Term
| What is the trade and generic name of the aminopenicillin? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the spectrum of penicillinase resistant penicillins?
Is it Penicillinase sensitive or not? |
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Definition
- spectrum: effective against gram +
- not penicillinase sensitive, they are effective against penicillinase/betalactamase producing bacteria |
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Term
| What is the generic and trade name of the penicillinase resistant penicillins? |
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Definition
| - dicloxacillin (Dynapen) |
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Term
| What is the M.O.A. of Clycycline? |
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Definition
- A broad spectrum abx similar in strcutue to tetracycline
- A derivative of minocycline
- Blocks protein synthesis in bacterial cells -> bacteriostatic |
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