A sequence of organisms related to one another as prey & predator. 

The first is eaten by the second, the second by the third, etc. in a series of feeding levels

Animals that eat plants or algae

Herbivores are primary consumers

Animals that eat oher animals

Carnivores are Secondary Consumers

The Study of living things & their environment

aka: Environmental Science

Generally far more individuals at the lower trophic levels than at the higher levels- plants fix 1% of sun's energy into organic molecules

Consumers incorporate only abotu 10% of the energy available in the organisms they eat

• Looking ahead. 
• Can be Experimental
• Takes long time

Testable statement that indicates what the researcher expects to find. 

An educated guess, not a question should be:

Verifyable or falsifiable

logically possible

consistent or adding to current knowledge of body

1. Define the Problem
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Collect & interpret data
4. Make Conclusions
5. Re-Evaluate

Observational

Experimental

Retrospective

• No Cause and Effect
• Noticing the association then they can research

• Use control groups
• Random treatments to control groups
• Required Placebo Treatment
• Cause and Effect Relationships

• .edu
• .gov
• .org

• Unit of heat
• Amount of heat required to raise temperature of water by 1 degree @ 1 ATM pressure

• Provide Energy

Carbohydrates

Protein

Fat 

• Dont provide Energy

 Vitamins

Water

• 4kcals
• includes simples sugars
• Primary function to break down molecules
• Sources: Simple(candy, sugar, fruit) & Polysaccharides/starches (wheat,rice,potatoe)

• 4kcals
• building blocks: amino acids
• Sources of Protein: Animal(meat,diary) & Non Animal(beans,seeds,peanut butter)

• Hormones: messengers in Body
• Antibodies: act as buffers

 gate keepers to cell membranes

• Primary Structure Protein: Amino Acids together
• Secondary Structure Protein
• Tertiary Protein Structure
• Quarternary Protein Structure

• 9kcal
• Types: Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated
• 1,2 or 3, fatty acids attached to the backbone
• Sources: Animal, Fruit/Vegetable, Trans-fatty acid

• Energy storage
• Insulation
• Shock Absorbtion
• Aid body in Carbohydrates
• Carrier for fat soluble body

RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances)

Recommended Dietary Allowance: 

Average daily dietary intake level sufficient to met nutrient requirement of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals

1. Overnutrition: getting too many nutrients
2. Protein-Calorie Malnutrition(PCM)
3. Secondary Malnutrition: Caused by disease
4. Dietary Deficiency (aka micronutrient malnutrition)

• Over eating
• insufficient exercise
• excess take of vitamins/minderals

• Paradoxical association between hunger, food insecurity and excess weight.
• Typically Women

Reasons

• needs to maximize calorie intake
• lower cost food: Higher calories
• trade off: quality vs quantity

Protein-Calorie Malnutrition

Dietary Deficiency

• aka Micronutrient Malnutrition
• 3 important micronutritien deficiencies in the world today

Vitamin A

Iron

Iodine

• Infancy and Childhood
• Pregnancy and Lactation
• Old Age
• Chronic Disease
• Others

Vegetarian

Fad Diets

Alcohol or Drug Dependency