commerce raiding

single ship to ship

naval warfare

squadron v squadron

• Britain wants us to pay for 7 year war, French and Indian war
• garrison soldiers
• pay taxes through oppressive acts
• and accept Proclomation of 1763, stating no westward expansion

Advantages and Disadvantages of Being British Colony

• protection, ready market for goods, imperial trade
• trade supported Britain, different national interests, no voice in policy

Britain: Blockade, sea superiority, transport troops to area of rebellion

US: Attrition, wear down the British. Commerce raiding, privateering

• Benedict Arnold lost every ship
• US no match for Brits, but delayed Brits from reaching Saratoga until after winter and by then the French had arrived
• US land forces in New York could fight Brits because they couldnt be resupplied

De Grasse, a frenchman, one of most influential figures of the war

Hood knows de Grasse can only go to Chesapeake or NY, doesnt see them in VA so goes to NY, de Grasse was just slower and wins

Battle of the Virginia Capes, Hood had to make hairpin turn to realign which took too much time

• Marines Hymm
• 600 mile march by Lt Presley O'Bannon, six Marines and an army of tribesmen to capture Derna, leading to the capitulation by the Pasha and end of the first Barbary War
• Massive Amphibious Landing led by Gen Winfield Scott at Vera Cruz and eventual capture of Mexico City during Mex-Amer. War

Barbary Wars

Why we send troops

Increasing tribute demands of North African states

Strong US navy would provoke European powers

navies are expensive and imperialistic, consideres them a luxury

Mainly in West Indies

US interpretation of Treaty w France changes when their monarchy falls

Washington, Adams and Jefferson wanted free trade so they ordered all French vessels be subdued, seized and taken in West Indies to stop their belligerency against US shipping

Talleyrand wants bribe so US can negotiate with France

Couldn't believe they would do that

• British at war with France
• British begin to seize US Ships
• Neutral Rights Categorized
• visit and search of merchant men by naval vessels
• ports closed in peactime
• impressment

• Impressment
• USS Chesapeake attack by HMS Leopard
• sanctity of a warship as part of national territory
• american commanders unready to fight
• US opinion increases against Brits
• Jefferson imposes embargo on American merchants but it hurts us

12th Congress

Henry Clay of Kentucky

John C Calhoun of South Carolina

These guys wanted war and Madison fanned the flames by appointing them

• British Supply forces via St Lawrence River, comm control
• Lake Ontario(Stalemate, ship building race) w Commodore Chauncey and Yeo
• Lake Erie: Oliver Perry defeats Brits, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." first to cross the T and causes entire squad to surrender, Barclay is only cpt in Brit history to do this

MacDonough's kedge anchors and ability to spin around quickly

Brits defeated and return to Canada

• Britain agrees to peace from losses at Erie and Champlain
• Treaty of Ghent- Brits stop opressing US seamen
• was an attempt to acquire Canada
• assertion of our neutral rights

Home (Atlantic Coast)

Mediterranean

West India

Brazilian

Pacific

East India (1835)

Sail to Steam

Wood to Iron

Solid Shot to Shell

Father of Naval Oceanography

Studies of weather and currents allow preparation of detailed nav charts

Father of Modern Naval Ordnance

Slavery

Lincoln elected and many states in the south were worried about his opposition of slavery along with his endorsement of high protective tariffs

North had huge advantage with naval yards, ship builders, industrial base, number of ships and leadership

South did have very strong military tradition of sending a lot of people to West Point

Diplomacy and Importance of

(North)

• Keep Brit truly neutral
• Reconcile blockade of southern ports with Brit freedom of trade
• Problem- Strong pro-Confed sentiment in important segments of Brit policy-making entities
• Brits almost entered war when Union troops violated neutral rights and boarded Brit ship with confed diplomats but Lincoln apologized saying it wasnt sanctioned by gov

Diplomacy and Importance of

(South)

• win Brit recognition and naval aid
• Problems:
• war is viewed as rebellion, not conflict
• outcome is uncertain
• diplomatic inexperience and weak State Department
• fallacy of "King Cotton" Thesis
• Slavery

Strategy

Union

• Anaconda plan-Circle south with army and strangle them, Like a snake!
• Blockade Confed from entire coast
• Control Miss. River
• Riverine Ops in western areas
• Union Army- Capture Confed Cap at Richmond

Strategy

Confederacy

• attrition warfare
• Coastal defense
• blockade running-attempt to continue commercial trade but this is hurt by south's desire for luxury goods
• Commerce Raiding

• attempt to establish first Union base on Confed territory
• Commodore Stepehn F DuPont
• Superior naval Gunfire directed at confed forts makes them abandon
• Union soldiers and Marines land unopposed
• Other ops from now on will resemble this

• USS Merimack raised at Norfolk
• Iron armor and ram added by confed Navy
• Renamed Virginia and commanded by Franklin Buchanan
• Defeats conventional union ships on March 8, 1862

• Welle's Ironclad Board
• Designed by John Ericcson
• Highly armored with low freeboard
• single turret and two Dahlgren guns
• fought the Virginia in a draw but a tactical win for Union as Navy was unable to break the blockade of Norfolk

• Great Inland Rivers:Miss River Basin, Vicksburg, Mobile Bay
• Atlantic and Gulf Coasts:Fort Fisher
• Blue Water:CSS Alabama

• Combined Union Army-Navy Offenses with goal to control Miss River
• Navy Gunboats and transports used to support Army

• Big obstacle to dominance of Miss.
• Porter Ferried Grant's troops across to the east bank of the river, south of the fort
• Grant takes the fort from the rear
• Surrender on 4 July 1863
• great example of Army/Navy collab

wooden keg filled with black powder with contact fuse

anchored in port channels or towed behind subs

Farragut-"Damn the torpedos, full speed ahead!"

CSS Alabama

Went all over the world commerce raiding

Important Innovations in Technology

North

• combo of steam, screw, armor and gun turret
• large numbers built
• Dahlgren Guns effective at close range
• gives Union advtg on coastal and inland waterways

Important Innovations in Technology

South

• CSS Virginia-steam power and iron armor
• CSS Hunley-submarine
• "torpedos"
• "Laird" rams

Barbary Wars

Instructions and Strategy

Protect American Merchantmen from Non-Euros

Blockade is strategy of choice

Seizure or destruction of ships

Solitary American Frigate would suffice

Flawless execution of this would prove impossible

• "Hard Luck" Cpt William Bainbridge capture in Tripoli Harbor
• Stephen Decatur-used capture Intrepid to sneak on Philadelphia and burn it down