Term
|
Definition
- N must be removed
- gluconeogenic vs ketogenic
- forms pyruvate, acetyl CoA; enter TCA |
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Term
|
Definition
- 100's exist; total[ ]~7.5g/dL
- Albumin, prealbumin, retinol-binding, blood clotting, immuno-, transport, acute phase (inflammation/infection), stress/heat shock |
|
|
Term
| Used to indicate of protein status |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- N-containing non-pro cmpd
- gly + cyt + glutamate
- antioxidant; reacts w/H2O2
- AA transport
- converts prostoglandin H2->D2 & E2 |
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Term
|
Definition
- N-containing non-pro cmpd
- lys + methionine
- muscle is primary pool
- FA transport (CPTI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- N-containing non-pro cmpd
- Arg + Gly + methionine
- substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- N-containing non-pro cmpd
- Histidine + beta-alanine
- may be antioxidant
- may regulate intracellular Ca+ & contractility in muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- N-containing non-pro cmpd
- Serine
- methyl donor
- part of acetylcholine, lecithin, & sphingomyelin |
|
|
Term
| Main constituents of DNA & RNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 6-membered rings containing N @1 &3
- Uracil, Cytosine, Thymidine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 2 fused rings, N@1,3,7,9
- Adenine & Guanine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -stimulates AA uptake & pro synth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - some AA preferentially used for glucose |
|
|
Term
| Rate of protein digestion(fast vs. slow) |
|
Definition
| - slow protein inhibits pro degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- stimulates insulin secretion
- promotes pro synth (mTOR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- transfer of amino grp from AA to AA C skeleton or alphaketoacid (catalyzed by aminotransferases & PLP)
- alanine-> pyruvate
- aspartate-> oxaloacetate
- reversible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- chemical reaction (deamination)
- foods
- bacterialysis of urea & AA's |
|
|
Term
| Disposal of Ammonia-Urea Cycle(liver) |
|
Definition
- requires 4 high E bonds
- urea travels in blood for excretion (kidney)or secreted into intestinal lumen & degraded by bacteria-> ammonia |
|
|
Term
| Metabolism of C skeleton/alpha keto acid |
|
Definition
- E:when diets are low
- glucose:OXA(aspartate);pyruv(alanine)
- KB:leu or lys
- chol:leu->HMG CoA;other AA->acetyl CoA
- FA:XS pro/adequate CHO |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic catabolism of Phe & Tyr |
|
Definition
- aromatic AA's
- Phe->Tyr by hydroxylase(kidney/liver)
- insulin+,glucagon -
- Both gluconeogenic & ketogenic |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic catabolism of Tryptophan |
|
Definition
- aromatic AA
- used for: pro synth, E(KB, gluc), synth of seretonin & melatonin
- disorders = acidosis, seizures, motor/development delay
- treat w/lys & try restricted diets |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Catabolism of Methionine |
|
Definition
- S-containing AA
- generates SAM (methyl donor)
- synth of carnitine,creatine,purines, epiniphrine; cyst & taur
- treat disorder w/restricted intake of methionine & increased cysteine |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Catabolism of Cysteine |
|
Definition
- S-containing AA
- used for pro & glutathione synth
- produces taur
- degradation yields pyruvate & sulfite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- formed from cysteine
- important in retina
- fxn as bile salt
- inhibitory NT |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic catabolism of Iso, Leu, Val |
|
Definition
- BCAA; taken up/tranaminated in mscles
- liver activity upregulated by cortisol |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Catabolism of lysine |
|
Definition
- ketogenic catabolism = acetyl CoA
- uesd in synth of carnitine |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Catabolism of threonine |
|
Definition
- synths body pro & N-containing non-pro
- found in high [ ]in mucus glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Catabolism of Glycine & Serine |
|
Definition
- Glycine-> creatine, heme, bile salt glycocholate
- Serine-> ethanolamine & choline |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic catabolism of arginine |
|
Definition
kidney: creatine synth
liver: generates urea & orthinine |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic catabolism of histidine |
|
Definition
| glutamate, carnosine, histamine |
|
|
Term
| Plasma AA's: not taken up by liver |
|
Definition
- plasma[]rise after meal
- ~150g of endo/exo AA's
- primary source of AA for pro synth
- more neaa than eaa
- metabolized in response to stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common eaa left in plasma pool |
|
|
Term
| shed mucosal cells(50g/d); dig enzymes (17g/d) |
|
Definition
| Endogenous sources of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mouth/esophagus:none
-stomach:HCL denatures 4,3,2 structure; pepsins hydrolyze peptide bonds = large polypepetides & free AAs
-SI: pancreatic enzymes & brush border enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trypsinogen->trypsin
chymotrypsinogen->chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidase->carboxypeptidases
Proelastase->elastase
Collagenase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amino-, di-, tri-peptidases
- tripeptides abs at brush border |
|
|
Term
| Km of carrier for AA is influenced by: |
|
Definition
- side chain length(increases affinity)
- charge (neutral abs>charged) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- diff than aa transport
- PEPTI - transports di&tripeptides
-peptide abs>aa abs
decreased pH @ BB = H gradient
- primary system for pro abs |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal basolateral membrane transport of AA's |
|
Definition
- diffusion of Na+-independent transport
- genetic defects= poor aa abs
- reduced growth, mscle weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- some AA not tranported out of enterocyte into circulation
- E
- synth of apoproteins, dig enzymes, hormones, non-pro N-containing cmpds
- metabolized to other aa |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal cell glutamine use |
|
Definition
- E, synth of heat shock pro, generates NH3/glutamate
- added to parenteral nutr products
- primary E source for enterocytes
- stimulates cell proliferation
- prevents atrophy of gut mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal cell aspartate metabolism |
|
Definition
- forms alanine, used in proline synth
- glutamate + aspartate = ornithine |
|
|
Term
| Instestinal methionine & cysteine metabolism |
|
Definition
- up to 52% methionine can be metabolized in intestine
- cysteine from diet/metab of meth used to make glutathione, taur, or pyr & sulfite |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal Aspartame metabolism |
|
Definition
- usually occurs w/i intestinal cells
- very little found in portal blood |
|
|
Term
| AA absorption into extraintestinal tissues |
|
Definition
-AAs enter portal vein to liver
- transport into hepatocytes (transporter dependent Na+/hormone influenced)
- transport into other cells (similar to basolateral memb)
- Y-glutamyl cycle - renal tubular cells, enterocytes, neurons |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal arginine metabolism |
|
Definition
- up to 40& oxidized to citrulline & urea
- citrulline taken up by kidney for arginine synth |
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