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NS 4340
Exam II (lecture VII)
48
Health Care
Graduate
10/18/2010

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Alanine-glucose cycle
Definition
- Inter-tissue transfer of amino groups
- Liver:deaminates Ala->glutamate & pyr
(impt in gluconeogenesis & reg of pH)
- active when glycogen levels are low
Term
Ammonia transport
Definition
- occurs in all cells esp muscle & lungs(export)
- ammonia enters urea cycle(liver) or excreted(kidney)
Term
N-containing waste products
Definition
- comes from deamination of aa's
- removal = regulates pH
- kidney is impt for metabol/excret
Term
Glutamate
Definition
- can form glutamine(requires ATP)
- transaminates pyruvate to alanine(use aminotranferase; regulated by glucagon
- primary source of glucose in CNS (doesn't pass blood/brain barrier)
- precursor of GABA (by decarboxylase)
Term
Transamination (example)
Definition
Pyruvate transaminated by glutamate to alaninel alanine can be converted back to pyruvate in liver
Term
Glutamine synthesis
Definition
- ATP-requiring
- AMP deaminase --> N pool in tissues
Term
Leucine
Definition
- Ketogenic "cholesterol metabolism"
- completely oxidized in muscle
Term
40% of bodies protein is found in . . .
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
Degradation of BCAA
Definition
- isoleucine, leucine, valine
- BCAA aminotransferases - 1st
- decarboxylation of alphaketoacids-2nd
- BCKAD complex (irreversible)
Term
Alanine
Definition
From muscle: glucosecyle transports N from skeletal muscle->liver
Term
Creatine
Definition
- From muscle: forms phosphocreatine for quick E
- used to estimate kidney fxn
- N-containing cmpd
- indicates amt of existing mscle mass
Term
Glutamine
Definition
From skeletal muscle: transported to GI, kidney, liver
Term
3-methylhistidine
Definition
indicates muscle degradation
Term
AA's preferentially taken up by kidney
Definition
Gly, Ala, Gln, Phe, Asp
Term
Kidney metabolism of AA's
Definition
- synthesis of Ser, His, Arg, Tyr
- breakdown of glycine
Term
Kidney's AA function in fasting
Definition
- gluconeogenesis
- NH3 from deamination of gln forms NH2+ during acidosis
Term
MAO
Definition
- mitochondrial mono-amine oxidase
- inactivate NT after action on cell memb
Term
Tryptophan
Definition
melatonin & seretonin (related to sleep)
Term
Tyrosine
Definition
catecholamines (epinephrine & dopamine)
Term
GABA (gamma-butyric acid
Definition
- inhibitory
- means of ridding brain of NH3
Term
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Definition
- major nutrient metabolism
- effect stimulation of glycogenolysis & lypolysis to increase metabolic rate
Term
Neuropeptides
Definition
- endocrine effect (somatotropin/growth hormones)
- modulatory actions on transmitter fxns, moods, or behavior (endorphins)
- secreted by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
- sythn from AA via DNA codes
- stored as inactive precursor peptides in vesicles in neurons
Term
Insulin/growth hormones (in protein turnover)
Definition
promotes pro synth, opposes prodegradation associated w/+ N balance
Term
Hormones that effect protein turn-over
Definition
- insulin/growth hormone
- glucagon, glucocorticoids, epiniphrine
- protaglandins, thyroid, nitrous oxide
Term
Prostoglandins
Definition
promote protein turnover
Term
Highly regulated
Definition
constancy of AA pool in both size & pattern under a wide variety of conditions suggests that the [ ] of each AA is . . .
Term
N balance (intake-output) & Pro turnover (pro synth + pro degradation)
Definition
AA pool serves as a connecting link (stabilizer) bw the 2 cycles of N metabolism
Term
Protein synthesis is affected by . . .
Definition
- amt, stability of mRNA amt of rRNA, activity of ribosomes
- availability of eaa & neaa -> food intake/nutri status
- biomechanical strains/stresses
Term
Protein degradation is affected by . . .
Definition
- surplus & deficit of aa can increase oxidation to maintain balance
- fever/illness increases it
- several pathways (E-requiring)
Term
Changes in body mass with age
Definition
- +LBM(childhood)-LBM(adulthood)
- LBM of males > LBM females (adolescent)
- After 25, weight gain = fat gain
- Body water/PA decrease,hormone changes
Term
Lysosomal degradation
Definition
- cellular protein degradation
- autophagic
- sequestration, fusion, acidification & breakdown
Term
Proteasomal degradation
Definition
- cellular protein degradation
- large oligomeric structure
- degradation of abnormal/damaged/mislocated pros
Term
Calpain/Calcium-activated proteolytic degradation
Definition
- cellular protein degradation
- M-Calpain & u-calpain
Term
low quality incomplete proteins
Definition
- have too little of 1+ indispensable aa (limiting aa)
- most plant foods
Term
high quality complete proteins
Definition
- contain all indispensable aa in approx amt required by humans
- milk, cheese, coy, meat, fish poultry
Term
Digestibility of animal proteins vs plant proteins
Definition
animal proteins = 90-99%
plant proteins = 70-90%
Term
Determinants of protein requirements
Definition
- growth, LBM, physiostate, level of E intake
Term
Chemical or AA score
Definition
- actual mg of each eaa/g of pro/content of same eaa in reference protein
- from 0-100
Term
Protein-digestibility corrected AA score (PDCAAS)
Definition
- most widely used measure of pro quality
- chem score x true digestibility of pro
- pro lacking any eaa = 0
- >1yrs = 50g or 65g
- casein = 45g or 65g
Term
Protein-Efficiency Ratio (PER)
Definition
- FDA uses this method to set standards for labeling foods intended for infants
- PER = BW gain(g)/g of pro consumed
(2.5g of BW/every g consumed)
Term
Biological value
Definition
- measure of how much N remains in body for maintenance & growth rather than abs
-(N retain/N abs) x 100
- food high provide AA in amt body needs
- animal pro = high; plant pro = low
Term
Net Protein Utilization (NPU)
Definition
-(N retain/N consum) x 100
- higher quality pro cause greater N retention
Term
Net Dietary Protein Calories Percentage
Definition
- useful in evaluation of diets where pro:cal ratio varies greatly
Term
Requirements for protein on food labels
Definition
- required to indicate g of pro
- % DV required if intended for infants/health claim
Term
leucine, isoleucine, histidine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, lysine. methionine
Definition
9 essential amino acids
Term
Recommended protein & aa intakes
Definition
-RDA(adults) = 0.8g/kg
- AI(<6M)-from infants fed breast milk
- No UL
AMDR = 10-35% kcal
Term
Kwashiorkor
Definition
- Protein deficiency
- adequate E, insuff pro
- edema from loss of blood pro(albumin)
Term
Marasmus
Definition
- protein deficiency
- wasting,emaciation,depleted msl/fat mass
- chronic insuff E & pro
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