Term
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Definition
- Inter-tissue transfer of amino groups
- Liver:deaminates Ala->glutamate & pyr
(impt in gluconeogenesis & reg of pH)
- active when glycogen levels are low |
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Term
|
Definition
- occurs in all cells esp muscle & lungs(export)
- ammonia enters urea cycle(liver) or excreted(kidney) |
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Term
| N-containing waste products |
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Definition
- comes from deamination of aa's
- removal = regulates pH
- kidney is impt for metabol/excret |
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Term
|
Definition
- can form glutamine(requires ATP)
- transaminates pyruvate to alanine(use aminotranferase; regulated by glucagon
- primary source of glucose in CNS (doesn't pass blood/brain barrier)
- precursor of GABA (by decarboxylase) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyruvate transaminated by glutamate to alaninel alanine can be converted back to pyruvate in liver |
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Term
|
Definition
- ATP-requiring
- AMP deaminase --> N pool in tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
- Ketogenic "cholesterol metabolism"
- completely oxidized in muscle |
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Term
| 40% of bodies protein is found in . . . |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- isoleucine, leucine, valine
- BCAA aminotransferases - 1st
- decarboxylation of alphaketoacids-2nd
- BCKAD complex (irreversible) |
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Term
|
Definition
| From muscle: glucosecyle transports N from skeletal muscle->liver |
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Term
|
Definition
- From muscle: forms phosphocreatine for quick E
- used to estimate kidney fxn
- N-containing cmpd
- indicates amt of existing mscle mass |
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Term
|
Definition
| From skeletal muscle: transported to GI, kidney, liver |
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Term
|
Definition
| indicates muscle degradation |
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Term
| AA's preferentially taken up by kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| Kidney metabolism of AA's |
|
Definition
- synthesis of Ser, His, Arg, Tyr
- breakdown of glycine |
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Term
| Kidney's AA function in fasting |
|
Definition
- gluconeogenesis
- NH3 from deamination of gln forms NH2+ during acidosis |
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Term
|
Definition
- mitochondrial mono-amine oxidase
- inactivate NT after action on cell memb |
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Term
|
Definition
| melatonin & seretonin (related to sleep) |
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Term
|
Definition
| catecholamines (epinephrine & dopamine) |
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Term
|
Definition
- inhibitory
- means of ridding brain of NH3 |
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Term
| Epinephrine & Norepinephrine |
|
Definition
- major nutrient metabolism
- effect stimulation of glycogenolysis & lypolysis to increase metabolic rate |
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Term
|
Definition
- endocrine effect (somatotropin/growth hormones)
- modulatory actions on transmitter fxns, moods, or behavior (endorphins)
- secreted by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
- sythn from AA via DNA codes
- stored as inactive precursor peptides in vesicles in neurons |
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Term
| Insulin/growth hormones (in protein turnover) |
|
Definition
| promotes pro synth, opposes prodegradation associated w/+ N balance |
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Term
| Hormones that effect protein turn-over |
|
Definition
- insulin/growth hormone
- glucagon, glucocorticoids, epiniphrine
- protaglandins, thyroid, nitrous oxide |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| constancy of AA pool in both size & pattern under a wide variety of conditions suggests that the [ ] of each AA is . . . |
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Term
| N balance (intake-output) & Pro turnover (pro synth + pro degradation) |
|
Definition
| AA pool serves as a connecting link (stabilizer) bw the 2 cycles of N metabolism |
|
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Term
| Protein synthesis is affected by . . . |
|
Definition
- amt, stability of mRNA amt of rRNA, activity of ribosomes
- availability of eaa & neaa -> food intake/nutri status
- biomechanical strains/stresses |
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Term
| Protein degradation is affected by . . . |
|
Definition
- surplus & deficit of aa can increase oxidation to maintain balance
- fever/illness increases it
- several pathways (E-requiring) |
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Term
| Changes in body mass with age |
|
Definition
- +LBM(childhood)-LBM(adulthood)
- LBM of males > LBM females (adolescent)
- After 25, weight gain = fat gain
- Body water/PA decrease,hormone changes |
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Term
|
Definition
- cellular protein degradation
- autophagic
- sequestration, fusion, acidification & breakdown |
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Term
|
Definition
- cellular protein degradation
- large oligomeric structure
- degradation of abnormal/damaged/mislocated pros |
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Term
| Calpain/Calcium-activated proteolytic degradation |
|
Definition
- cellular protein degradation
- M-Calpain & u-calpain |
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Term
| low quality incomplete proteins |
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Definition
- have too little of 1+ indispensable aa (limiting aa)
- most plant foods |
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Term
| high quality complete proteins |
|
Definition
- contain all indispensable aa in approx amt required by humans
- milk, cheese, coy, meat, fish poultry |
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Term
| Digestibility of animal proteins vs plant proteins |
|
Definition
animal proteins = 90-99%
plant proteins = 70-90% |
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Term
| Determinants of protein requirements |
|
Definition
| - growth, LBM, physiostate, level of E intake |
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Term
|
Definition
- actual mg of each eaa/g of pro/content of same eaa in reference protein
- from 0-100 |
|
|
Term
| Protein-digestibility corrected AA score (PDCAAS) |
|
Definition
- most widely used measure of pro quality
- chem score x true digestibility of pro
- pro lacking any eaa = 0
- >1yrs = 50g or 65g
- casein = 45g or 65g |
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|
Term
| Protein-Efficiency Ratio (PER) |
|
Definition
- FDA uses this method to set standards for labeling foods intended for infants
- PER = BW gain(g)/g of pro consumed
(2.5g of BW/every g consumed) |
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Term
|
Definition
- measure of how much N remains in body for maintenance & growth rather than abs
-(N retain/N abs) x 100
- food high provide AA in amt body needs
- animal pro = high; plant pro = low |
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|
Term
| Net Protein Utilization (NPU) |
|
Definition
-(N retain/N consum) x 100
- higher quality pro cause greater N retention |
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|
Term
| Net Dietary Protein Calories Percentage |
|
Definition
| - useful in evaluation of diets where pro:cal ratio varies greatly |
|
|
Term
| Requirements for protein on food labels |
|
Definition
- required to indicate g of pro
- % DV required if intended for infants/health claim |
|
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Term
| leucine, isoleucine, histidine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, lysine. methionine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recommended protein & aa intakes |
|
Definition
-RDA(adults) = 0.8g/kg
- AI(<6M)-from infants fed breast milk
- No UL
AMDR = 10-35% kcal |
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Term
|
Definition
- Protein deficiency
- adequate E, insuff pro
- edema from loss of blood pro(albumin) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- protein deficiency
- wasting,emaciation,depleted msl/fat mass
- chronic insuff E & pro |
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