Term
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Definition
- Inter-tissue transfer of amino groups - Liver:deaminates Ala->glutamate & pyr (impt in gluconeogenesis & reg of pH) - active when glycogen levels are low |
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Term
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Definition
- occurs in all cells esp muscle & lungs(export) - ammonia enters urea cycle(liver) or excreted(kidney) |
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Term
N-containing waste products |
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Definition
- comes from deamination of aa's - removal = regulates pH - kidney is impt for metabol/excret |
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Term
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Definition
- can form glutamine(requires ATP) - transaminates pyruvate to alanine(use aminotranferase; regulated by glucagon - primary source of glucose in CNS (doesn't pass blood/brain barrier) - precursor of GABA (by decarboxylase) |
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Term
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Definition
Pyruvate transaminated by glutamate to alaninel alanine can be converted back to pyruvate in liver |
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Term
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Definition
- ATP-requiring - AMP deaminase --> N pool in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
- Ketogenic "cholesterol metabolism" - completely oxidized in muscle |
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Term
40% of bodies protein is found in . . . |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- isoleucine, leucine, valine - BCAA aminotransferases - 1st - decarboxylation of alphaketoacids-2nd - BCKAD complex (irreversible) |
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Term
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Definition
From muscle: glucosecyle transports N from skeletal muscle->liver |
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Term
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Definition
- From muscle: forms phosphocreatine for quick E - used to estimate kidney fxn - N-containing cmpd - indicates amt of existing mscle mass |
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Term
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Definition
From skeletal muscle: transported to GI, kidney, liver |
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Term
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Definition
indicates muscle degradation |
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Term
AA's preferentially taken up by kidney |
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Definition
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Term
Kidney metabolism of AA's |
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Definition
- synthesis of Ser, His, Arg, Tyr - breakdown of glycine |
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Term
Kidney's AA function in fasting |
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Definition
- gluconeogenesis - NH3 from deamination of gln forms NH2+ during acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
- mitochondrial mono-amine oxidase - inactivate NT after action on cell memb |
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Term
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Definition
melatonin & seretonin (related to sleep) |
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Term
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Definition
catecholamines (epinephrine & dopamine) |
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Term
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Definition
- inhibitory - means of ridding brain of NH3 |
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Term
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine |
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Definition
- major nutrient metabolism - effect stimulation of glycogenolysis & lypolysis to increase metabolic rate |
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Term
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Definition
- endocrine effect (somatotropin/growth hormones) - modulatory actions on transmitter fxns, moods, or behavior (endorphins) - secreted by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus - sythn from AA via DNA codes - stored as inactive precursor peptides in vesicles in neurons |
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Term
Insulin/growth hormones (in protein turnover) |
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Definition
promotes pro synth, opposes prodegradation associated w/+ N balance |
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Term
Hormones that effect protein turn-over |
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Definition
- insulin/growth hormone - glucagon, glucocorticoids, epiniphrine - protaglandins, thyroid, nitrous oxide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
constancy of AA pool in both size & pattern under a wide variety of conditions suggests that the [ ] of each AA is . . . |
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Term
N balance (intake-output) & Pro turnover (pro synth + pro degradation) |
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Definition
AA pool serves as a connecting link (stabilizer) bw the 2 cycles of N metabolism |
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Term
Protein synthesis is affected by . . . |
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Definition
- amt, stability of mRNA amt of rRNA, activity of ribosomes - availability of eaa & neaa -> food intake/nutri status - biomechanical strains/stresses |
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Term
Protein degradation is affected by . . . |
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Definition
- surplus & deficit of aa can increase oxidation to maintain balance - fever/illness increases it - several pathways (E-requiring) |
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Term
Changes in body mass with age |
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Definition
- +LBM(childhood)-LBM(adulthood) - LBM of males > LBM females (adolescent) - After 25, weight gain = fat gain - Body water/PA decrease,hormone changes |
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Term
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Definition
- cellular protein degradation - autophagic - sequestration, fusion, acidification & breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
- cellular protein degradation - large oligomeric structure - degradation of abnormal/damaged/mislocated pros |
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Term
Calpain/Calcium-activated proteolytic degradation |
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Definition
- cellular protein degradation - M-Calpain & u-calpain |
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Term
low quality incomplete proteins |
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Definition
- have too little of 1+ indispensable aa (limiting aa) - most plant foods |
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Term
high quality complete proteins |
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Definition
- contain all indispensable aa in approx amt required by humans - milk, cheese, coy, meat, fish poultry |
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Term
Digestibility of animal proteins vs plant proteins |
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Definition
animal proteins = 90-99% plant proteins = 70-90% |
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Term
Determinants of protein requirements |
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Definition
- growth, LBM, physiostate, level of E intake |
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Term
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Definition
- actual mg of each eaa/g of pro/content of same eaa in reference protein - from 0-100 |
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Term
Protein-digestibility corrected AA score (PDCAAS) |
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Definition
- most widely used measure of pro quality - chem score x true digestibility of pro - pro lacking any eaa = 0 - >1yrs = 50g or 65g - casein = 45g or 65g |
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Term
Protein-Efficiency Ratio (PER) |
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Definition
- FDA uses this method to set standards for labeling foods intended for infants - PER = BW gain(g)/g of pro consumed (2.5g of BW/every g consumed) |
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Term
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Definition
- measure of how much N remains in body for maintenance & growth rather than abs -(N retain/N abs) x 100 - food high provide AA in amt body needs - animal pro = high; plant pro = low |
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Term
Net Protein Utilization (NPU) |
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Definition
-(N retain/N consum) x 100 - higher quality pro cause greater N retention |
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Term
Net Dietary Protein Calories Percentage |
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Definition
- useful in evaluation of diets where pro:cal ratio varies greatly |
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Term
Requirements for protein on food labels |
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Definition
- required to indicate g of pro - % DV required if intended for infants/health claim |
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Term
leucine, isoleucine, histidine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, lysine. methionine |
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Definition
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Term
Recommended protein & aa intakes |
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Definition
-RDA(adults) = 0.8g/kg - AI(<6M)-from infants fed breast milk - No UL AMDR = 10-35% kcal |
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Term
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Definition
- Protein deficiency - adequate E, insuff pro - edema from loss of blood pro(albumin) |
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Term
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Definition
- protein deficiency - wasting,emaciation,depleted msl/fat mass - chronic insuff E & pro |
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