Term
| Type of onset in type II diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of diabetes related to hyperglycemia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| metabolic syndrome is applicable to which type of diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metabloic syndrome results in what effects on: insulin,LDL,HDL levels and BP |
|
Definition
Elevated insulin levels, tirglycerides and BP ( HTN)
Lower LDL and HDL |
|
|
Term
| metabolic syndrom characterized by ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| altered glucose and fat metabolism contribute to pathophys of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of adipokines that contribute to type II diabetes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of diabetes results in the pancrease decreased ability to produce insulin via beta cells?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Innapropriate glucose production from liver results in ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| beta cells fatigued from compensating is a characteristic of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of diabetes is indicated by the body tissues unresponsive to insulin? |
|
Definition
| type II diabetes: receptors are either unresponsive or insufficient in numbers |
|
|
Term
| hyperglycemia is a symptom of what type of diabetes? |
|
Definition
| insulin resistance/ type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| which type of diabetes results in the pancreas producing some insulin, but insufficient amounts/poorly utilized |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| prevalence increases with age indicates which type of diabetes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the high risk ethnicity's relevant to type II diabetes? |
|
Definition
| african american, asian american, hispanic amrican, native amrican |
|
|
Term
| Which high risk ethnicity(s) poses the highest risk of type II diabetes? |
|
Definition
| native american and alkan natives |
|
|
Term
| What is the most prevalent type of diabetes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What IFG range would indicate pre-diabetes? |
|
Definition
| fasting glucose of 100-125 |
|
|
Term
| What IGT range would indicate pre-diabetes? |
|
Definition
| 2 hour plasma glucose levels between 140 and 199 |
|
|
Term
| what hemoglobin A1C score indicates pre-diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pre-diabetic S/S? |
|
Definition
| polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia |
|
|
Term
| Polyuria is known as and indicates what type of diabetes? |
|
Definition
| frequent urination: prediabets S/S |
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|
Term
| Polyphagia is indicated by what S/S and what type of diabetes? |
|
Definition
| frequent thirst/drinking prediabetes S/S |
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|
Term
| Polydipsia is indicated by what S/S and what type of diabetes? |
|
Definition
| frequent eating without weight gain: prediabetic S/S |
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Term
| Cardiac and circuatory damage present in a patient indicates a nurse to watch for what? |
|
Definition
| watch for S/S of prediabetes |
|
|
Term
| Pre-diabetes S/S are indicated by what impaired lab tests? |
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Definition
| impaired fasting glucose( IFG), and impaired glucose tolerance IGT) |
|
|
Term
| IFG greater than 200 indicates? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of diabetic requires exogenous insulin to sustain life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does DKA stand for? What type of diabetic does it affect? |
|
Definition
| diabetic keto acidosis: type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| DKA occurs with the absence of what type of insulin? |
|
Definition
| absence of exogenous insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolic acidosis: decreased pH |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies present for months to years before onset of S/S occur in what type of diabetic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Manifestation in S/S occur after pancreas cannot support insulin production in what type of diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/S of this type of diabetic have rapid onset |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The human luekocyteantigens (HLA) cause this/ are the root of the problem in this type of diabetic |
|
Definition
| genetic predisposed type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| manifestation of HLA production via exposure to virus is seen in this type of diabetic |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells by bodies own Leukocytes results in what type of diabetes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the reduction of 80-90% of beta cell production function is caused by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main signs/symptoms of type 1 diabetes |
|
Definition
| polyuria,polydypsea,polyphasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs in younger people, <40yo |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs more frequently in younger children |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 5-10% of diabetic population are what type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The destruction of beta cell production via pancrease results in ? |
|
Definition
| insufficient amount of insulin production |
|
|
Term
| Having an insufficient amount of insulin production will result in what, and is seen only in what type of diabetic? |
|
Definition
| ketoacidosis/metabolic aciosis= type 1 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What is the healthy range for non-fasting blood glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is affected by diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| counterregulatory hormones result in what effects in the body of type 1 diabetics? |
|
Definition
| oppose effects of insulin, increase blood glucose levels, regulate release of glucose, maintain blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| naturally occuring counter-regulatory hormone examples: |
|
Definition
| glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol |
|
|
Term
| When is epinephrine (counter-regulatory hormone) released and its role in glucose regulation ? |
|
Definition
| is released with stress and increases blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| When weight loss is a S/S of type 1 diabetes, what is happening in the body? |
|
Definition
| body is unable to metabalize glucose due to insufficient amounts of insulin. Without insulin, glucose cannot be stored and fat cannot be deposited in body as stored fuels. |
|
|
Term
| Types of insulin dependent tissues |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle, adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| What causes/is the process occurring that results in delayed healing in diabetics? |
|
Definition
| increased protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What roles do insulin play in the body? |
|
Definition
stimulates storage of glucose in liver and muscles
enhances fat deposit
increases protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What role does insulin play in metabolism? |
|
Definition
| promotes glucose transportation from blood stream across cell membrane to cell |
|
|
Term
What role does insulin play in the blood stream?
|
|
Definition
| decreases the amount of glucose in blood serum/ decreaed BG serum levels |
|
|
Term
| If the blood stream were a highway, what role would the insulin play? |
|
Definition
| Tthe I-Pass that allows you to get onto a highway/ Gate keeper |
|
|
Term
| How long after a meal does a normal person's insulin secretions peak? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long after a meal does the concentration of insulin peak in a normal person? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which food group is carefully monitored in type II diabetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What roles do carbohydrates play in insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
| source of glucose, which requires insulin produced by beta cells of pancrease to be able to be transported from blood stream into cells via absorbtion of the GI tract. |
|
|
Term
| Obesity is a contributor in which type of diabetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thin, malnutritioned body types are dominant in which type of poorly regulated diabetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal insulin metabolism is produced via ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are beta cells produced in the pancrease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five types of diabetes? |
|
Definition
| type 1, type 2, gestational, prediabetes, secondary diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What are the four main contributions /causes of type 1 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| genetic, autoimmune, viral, environmental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormal insulin production,
impaired insulin utilizatoin, or both |
|
|
Term
Diabetes is the leading cause of what three main irreversable complications?
|
|
Definition
| end stage renal disease, adult blindness, nontraumatic lower extremity amputation |
|
|
Term
| What 2 contributing cardio events likely result in diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give the text definition of diabetes |
|
Definition
| a chronic multisystem disease classified by either abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization or both |
|
|
Term
| Hyperosmolar coma is also known as what, and is restricted to which type of diabetes ? |
|
Definition
| type 2 diabetes/hyperglycemia uncontrolled |
|
|
Term
| Which type of diabetes is detected at 24-28 weeks gestation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How long postpartum before a woman having gestational diabeties is no longer diabetic?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of diabetes increases the risk for cesarean delivery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of diabeties increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes 5-10 yrs post partum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of therapy or treatment for gestational diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from other medical conditions |
|
|
Term
| medical conditions that increase risk of secondary diabetes |
|
Definition
| cushings syndrome, hyperthyroidism, pancreatitis, parenteral nutrition, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis |
|
|
Term
| types of treatments for secondary diabetes causing conditions |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids, thiazides, Dilantin, clozapine |
|
|
Term
| secondary diabetes resolves when |
|
Definition
| underlying condition is treated and mangaged |
|
|
Term
| clinical type 1 diabetes S/S |
|
Definition
| polyuria, plydipsia, poyphagia, weight loss, weakness, fatigue |
|
|
Term
| type 2 diabetes clinical S/S |
|
Definition
| fatigue, recurrent infection, recurrent vaginal yeast or monilla(bacteria vaginosis) infection, prolonged wound healing, visual changes |
|
|
Term
| methods of diagnosing type 2 diabetes |
|
Definition
| A1C >6.5%, fasting plasma glucose level >126, random plasma glucose level >200, two hour OGTT evel >200 with a glucose load of 75 g used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
determines glycemic levels over time
Identifies amount of glucose atttched to hemoglobin moleules over RBC lifespan |
|
|
Term
what is the RBC life span
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
<7.0 according to ADA
<6.5 according to endocrinology |
|
|
Term
| goal of diabetes management |
|
Definition
reduce symptoms
prommote well being
prevent acute complications
delay onset and progression of long term complications |
|
|
Term
| examples of diabetes ollaborative care |
|
Definition
pt teaching: slef monitor and bood glucose testing
nutrition therapy
drug therapy
excercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin that is not naturally produced: outside source |
|
|
Term
| what type of insulin therapy is required for type 1 diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is insulin used in type 2 diabetics |
|
Definition
| when pt cannot controll blood glucose with other means of tx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only type used today that is prepared through gentic engineering using e coi and yeast cells |
|
|
Term
| what role does E Coli play in diabetes mangement |
|
Definition
| source for manufactured insulin |
|
|
Term
| what three things differentiate the type of insulins |
|
Definition
| onset, peak action, and duration |
|
|
Term
| what four types of acting insulin are there |
|
Definition
| rapid, short, intermediate, long acting insulins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| onset 15 in, peaks 60-90 min, lasts 3-4 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| onset 30-60 min, peaks in 2-3 hours, lasts 3-6 hours |
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|
Term
| intermediate acting insulin tx |
|
Definition
| onset 2-4 hours, peaks 4-10 hours, and lasts 10-16 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| onset 1-2 hours, peaks unknown, and lasts 24 + hours |
|
|
Term
| example of rapid acting insulins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of short acting insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of intermediate acting insulin tx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of long acting insulin tx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mimics endogenous/naturally producing insulin production
is either long acting/ once daily, or short acting and given a bolus before meals
|
|
|
Term
| preperation for rapid acting insulin |
|
Definition
| 0-15 min preprandiem, with onset at 15 min |
|
|
Term
| preperation for short acting insulin |
|
Definition
| 30-45 min preprandiem with onset at 30-60 minutes |
|
|
Term
| preperation for long acting insulin |
|
Definition
| once daily at bed or in AM, continuous release, no peak, CANNOT be mixed with other insulin or solution |
|
|
Term
| how long can opened vials of insulin be stored at room temperature for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is insulin not being used stored? |
|
Definition
| refridgerated and out of direct sunlight |
|
|
Term
| insulin is administered via? |
|
Definition
| sub cutaneous injection or IV only |
|
|
Term
| which area of insulin administration poses the fastest absorbtion? |
|
Definition
| abdomen, then arm-thigh-buttock |
|
|
Term
| what is the preferred site of administration of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the sites for insulin injection? |
|
Definition
abdomen - 2inches from umbilicus, no stretch marks, no tatoos or peircings
posterior/tricep area of upper arm
upper gluteus/buttocks
upper/outer anterior thigh |
|
|
Term
| 1ml is equivalent to how many units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what angle is insulin injected? |
|
Definition
| 45-90 depeding on thickness of patient |
|
|
Term
| how does a insulin pump function? |
|
Definition
| supplies continuous infusion of rapid acting insulin via catheter inserted into subcutaneous tissue. Allows for best controll of blood glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
| what are some potential problems with inslulin drug therapy? |
|
Definition
HYPOGLYCEMIA
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
LIPODYSTROPHY
SOMOGYI EFFECT
DAWN PHENOMENON |
|
|
Term
| what is the somogyi effect? |
|
Definition
| rebound effect where an overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia during sleep r/t hyperglycemia and ketosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the Dawn Phenomenon? |
|
Definition
| hyperglycemia upon waking in morning r/t growth hormone or cortisol |
|
|
Term
| oral drug tx is for the treatment of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does oreal drug tx do? |
|
Definition
| works on insulin resistance, decreases insulin production, and increases hepatic glucose production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sulfonylureas, mgealitinides, biguanides, alha gluosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones |
|
|
Term
| what do oral sulfonylureas do for diabetes |
|
Definition
| increase insulin production, decrease liklihood of hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do maglitinides do for diabetes |
|
Definition
| increase insulin production |
|
|
Term
| what is important to remember about oral meglitinides for diabetes? |
|
Definition
| take 30 min to time of meal, dont take if skip a meal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do biguanides do for diabetics |
|
Definition
| reduce glucose prodction , enhance insulin sensitivity in tissue, improve gluose transprot into cells , doesnt promote weight gain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha glucosidase inhibitors do what for diabetes |
|
Definition
| slow absorbtion of carbs in small intestine-"starch blockers" |
|
|
Term
| example of an alpha glucosidasse inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do thiazolidinediones do for diabetes |
|
Definition
| effective in indulin resistant patients bu improving insuin sensitivity, transport and utilization at tissues |
|
|
Term
| examples of thiazolidinediones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inihitors do for diabetes ( DDP-4) |
|
Definition
| slow inactivaton of incretin hormone, has potential for hpoglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for use in type1 and type 2 diabetes;slows gastric emptying; reduces postprandial glucagon secretion is naturally secreted by beta cells with insulin |
|
|
Term
| example of amylin analog drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug tx that stimulates release of insulin from beta cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incretin mimetic drug tx does what? |
|
Definition
| reduces food intake, slows gastric emptying and cannot be used with insulin! |
|
|
Term
| beta andrenergic blockers do what for diabetics? |
|
Definition
| mask symptoms of hypoglycemia and prolon hypoglycemic effects in insulin |
|
|
Term
| thiazide loop diuretics do what for diabetes? |
|
Definition
| potentiate hyprglycemia by inducing potassium loss |
|
|
Term
| what is considered the cornerstone of care for diabetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to the american diabete association, can diebetic person consume the same foods as a person without diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to the ADA, what is the overall goal for diabetes nutritional therapy? |
|
Definition
| assist people making changrs in nutritional and excercise habits that will lead to improved metabolic controll |
|
|
Term
| type 1 diabetes meal plan? |
|
Definition
| based on patients usual intake and reflects a balance between insulinand excercise patterns |
|
|
Term
| a type 1 diabtics insulin regime is managed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type 2 diabetes nutritional therapy ? |
|
Definition
| based n acheiving glucose, lipid and blood pressure goals via caloric reduction |
|
|
Term
| diabetic nutritional therapy emphasizes what? |
|
Definition
| caloric intake is equal to calories out/ energy in bslances energy out |
|
|
Term
| examples of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the minimum carb allowance in a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the gycemic index? |
|
Definition
| the rise in blood gluose levels post carb consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trans fats, and saturated fats |
|
|
Term
| what is the fat consumption limit per day? |
|
Definition
| less than 200 mg trans fats and <7% saturated fats |
|
|
Term
| how much protein should be consumed in a diabetic diet? |
|
Definition
| 15-20% of total energy consumed |
|
|
Term
| what effect does alcohol have on diabetics if consumed? |
|
Definition
| high in colories, no nutritie value, promotes hypertriglycridemia, kills liver, causes hypoglycemia in large quantities |
|
|
Term
| what are some teaching resources for diabetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what role does excercise play in diabetic management? |
|
Definition
| essential, increase insuin receptor sites, loweres blood glucose leves and contributes to weight loss in type 2 dibetics |
|
|
Term
| how often should carbohydrates be consumed in diabetics with excercise |
|
Definition
| small portions every 30 minutes during excercise |
|
|
Term
| when is the beest time to perform excercise for diabetics? |
|
Definition
| after meals, aftr medical clearance and with slow progression |
|
|
Term
| when should diabetics check theyre blood glucose levels with exrcise? |
|
Definition
| prior, during and after excercise |
|
|
Term
| what bennefit comes of self monitoring blood glucose in diabtics? |
|
Definition
| ID episodic hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and is immediate |
|
|
Term
| what bennefits come of continuous glucose monitoring? |
|
Definition
| ID trends and patterns and istracked every 5 minutes |
|
|
Term
| what type of diabetic do pancrease transplants bennefit? |
|
Definition
| type 1 diabetics who have end stage renal disease or have had or plan to have kidney transplant |
|
|
Term
| what is the bennefit of a successful pancrease transplant? |
|
Definition
| eliminates use of expgenous insulin, hypoglycemia and hyperglyemia events |
|
|
Term
| what positive finding in an assessment of a patients health history warrant testing for diabetes? |
|
Definition
| obesity, sig weight loss, excessive thirst, excessive hungre, poor healing, kusmal respirations |
|
|
Term
| common nursing diagnoses with diabetics |
|
Definition
| ineffective self health management, risk for injury, risk for infection, powrelessness, imbalanced nutrition ( excessive nutritional intake) |
|
|
Term
| common nursing goals for diabetic patients |
|
Definition
| prevent/delay chronic complications, lifestyle adjustments with min stress, ID those at risk, provide routine screening for obese adults |
|
|
Term
what is HHS in diabetics?
|
|
Definition
| hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what causes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperglyemia, ketosis, acidosis, dehydration |
|
|
Term
| what are some acute complications of DKA |
|
Definition
| ilness, infection, inadequate insulin dosage, undiagnosed type 1 diabtes, poor self management, neglect |
|
|
Term
| what happens when there is an nsufficient supply of insulin? |
|
Definition
| glucose cannot be properly used for energy, reduction in fat storage r/t reduction in ketones due to metabolic aciosis state, dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lethargy, weakness, dehydration, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, abd pain, kussmal respirations |
|
|
Term
| what tx is done for DKA involving fluid imbalance? |
|
Definition
| IV infusion of 0.45 or 0.9 % NaCl, potassium an sodium bicarbonate to restore urine output and return BP |
|
|
Term
| if blood gluose levels are 250mg/dl or higher, what is the treatment and complication? |
|
Definition
| DKA, treated with 5% destrose to prevent hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| if pt diagnosed with DKA, what therapy is put on hold until fluid resucitation begins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of diabetic does HHS mostoften affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does nuerologic complications occure with HHS in diabetics |
|
Definition
| due to increased serum osmolality |
|
|
Term
| patients diagnosed with HHS have a history of? |
|
Definition
| inadequate fluid intake, increased mental deepression and poluria |
|
|
Term
| if a patients blood glucose is >400mg/dl and has minimal or absent ketones, what is theyre diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| HHS due to increased serum osmalality |
|
|
Term
| HHS requires what type of treatment? |
|
Definition
| high fluid replacement, electrolyte replacement |
|
|
Term
| a nurse will monitor what when a patient is diagnosed with HHS? |
|
Definition
| renal, cardio, consciousness, poassium, vital signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of low blood glucose; too much insulin produced but blood glucose level is less than 70 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confusion, irritability, diaphoresis, tremors, hunger weakness, visual distrubance, siezure, coma, death |
|
|
Term
| autonomic neuropathy prevents the S/S of what complicaton of diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should treatment for hypoglycemia be conducted? |
|
Definition
at first sign: <70 mg/dl
if conscious: 15-20 g (4-6 oz) fruit juice
recheck BG levels and repeat until reaches >70 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
| if a patient has hypoglycemia, when should a they eat or drink? |
|
Definition
| continue to eat or drink theyre regularly scheduled meals and snacks |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for a patient with hypoglycemia that has affected or decreased A&O? |
|
Definition
| give 1mg of glucagon IM or subcutaneous/ 20-50 ml 50% dextrose IV push. Then have pt ingest a complex carbohydrate upon recovery |
|
|
Term
| what is angiopathy and how does it relate to diabetes? |
|
Definition
| a diesease that affects the arge and medium sized vessels and is a complication as a result of chronicly irregulated diabetic management |
|
|
Term
| what factors increase the risk of arthrosclerosis? |
|
Definition
| obesity, smoking, hypertension, high fat intake sedentary lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| what disease should newly diagnosed diabetics be screened for? |
|
Definition
| dyslipidemia/high cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| what are some comlications of angiopathy? |
|
Definition
| retinopathy, nephropathy, dermopathy |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of chronic hyperglycemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which form of retinopathy is the most common form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is nonproliferative retinopathy? |
|
Definition
| partial occlusion of small vessels in retina resulting in capillary fluid leakage ( intraretinal hemmorrhage) |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatement for diabetic retinopathy |
|
Definition
| laser photocoagulation and virectomy |
|
|
Term
| what can be done to prevent diabetic nephropathy? |
|
Definition
| gluose controll, BP management via ACE inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| how is diabetic neuropathy diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| microalbuminuria screening, serum cratinine |
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Term
| how prevalent is nueropathy in diabetics |
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Definition
| 60-70% of diagnosed diabetics |
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Term
| what is sensory neuropathy? |
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Definition
| most common form that affectshands and feet bilatrally, oss of sensation, pain, parethesias, worst at night, can cause atrophy of smallmuscles hands /feet |
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Term
| what is autonommic neuropathy? |
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Definition
| affects all body systems, gastroparesis ( delayed gastric emptying)sexual dysfunction, nuerogenic bladder, comolications of foot and lowre exremities |
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Term
| what are the factors that increase risk of neuropathy? |
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Definition
| smoking, clotting abnormalities, imparied immune function, autonamic nueropathy |
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Term
| what is acanthosis nigricia? |
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Definition
| dark, coarse, thickened skin |
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Term
| what is necrobiosis lipodica diabeticorum? |
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Definition
| type 1 diabetic complication resulting in red-yellow lessions, shiny skin revealing tiny blood vessels |
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Term
| insulin receptors perform what task in diabetes? |
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Definition
| allow glucose to enter in type 1 diabetes and resist or repell glucose in type 2 diabetics |
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Term
| oral medications combat cell resistace to insulin in what type of diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient amount of insulin in blood stream, causing organ damage |
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Term
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Definition
| facilitate insulin reuptake into cells, and normalizes blood glucose levels |
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Term
| type one always requires? |
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Definition
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Term
oral diabetic medication indicates a person has what type of diabetes?
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Definition
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Term
| under stress, what type of diabetics will require more than one form of insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| if a person has gestational diabetes, how long typically before they deveope diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| when is gestational diabetes detected? |
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Definition
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Term
| how long after delivery does it take for blood glucose levels to return to normal in a person who has gestational diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| if a woman has gestational type two diabetes, she has a variation of what type of diabetes and her child is at risk of developing what type of diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the weight parameter for an infant tobe tested for type two diabetes, whether the mother had gestational diabetes or not? |
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Definition
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Term
| gestational diabetes inreases the risk for what type of delivery? |
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Definition
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Term
| the legnth of duration in nutritional therapy trial is dependent on what? |
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Definition
| the severity of the diabetes |
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Term
| the reported lifetime risk of developing diabetes is 7 times more likely for a person who developed what? |
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Definition
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Term
| cushings syndrome and adinistration of corticosteroids cause what as it aplies to diabetics? |
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Definition
| extra cortisol released, causing increased blood glucose levels |
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Term
| why is pancreatitis problematic for diabetics? |
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Definition
| pancreatitis inhibits the beta cells from being produced/productive, thus lowering the amount of insulin being produced= insulin drug therapy necessary |
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Term
| when administering TPN, how ften is blood glucose tested? |
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Definition
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Term
| cyctic fibrosis is a secondary diabetes due to ? |
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Definition
| causes inability to produce insulin as a secondary problem |
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Term
| can drugs cause secondary diabetes? |
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Definition
| yes, but if resolve underlying problem, high glucose levels will deminish |
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Term
| what causes secondary diabetes? |
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Definition
| hightened glucose levels in the blood related to other medical conditions and some drugs being taken |
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Term
| the onset of type 2 diabetes occures over how ong a period of time? |
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Definition
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Term
| visual changes in type two diabetes generally means it has been occuring for approx how long? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemaglobi A1C indicates how a diabetic has been doing over how long a period of time? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of lab is the BEST indicator of how a person has been managing theyre diabees over a long period of time? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oral glucose tolerance test - fasting blood glucose test and most prevalent in determining gestational diabetes |
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Term
| what would give a false positive for the OGTT? |
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Definition
| certain medications, bedrest |
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Term
| in general, a person diagnosed with type 2 diabetes should maintain theyre Hemaglobin A1C to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal range of hemaglobin A1C? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the major complications do diabetic management hope to avoid? |
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Definition
| amputation, renal failure, kidney failure, cardiac |
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Term
| how many times a day is it reommended to test your blood glucose levels if diagnosed with diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| a person who requires exogenous insulin has what type of diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what form of exogenous insulin is used today? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| yeast cell ( E coli) recombinate DNA |
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Term
| food must be present or within 15 minutes for what type of insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| food must be present of arrive before 30 minutes for what type of insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| what tpe of insulin is a suspension medication that must be misxed prior to drawing up? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of insulin is in the system for 24 hours and provides only one peak of effectiveness if readministered daiy at same time ( steady)? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the only type of insulin that can be given IV? |
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Definition
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Term
| basal insulin therapy is also known as? |
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Definition
| long acting insulin therapy/ Lantus, Levimire |
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Term
| can long acting insulin be mixed with other forms of insulin therapy treatments? |
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Definition
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Term
| hyperosmalarity refers to what effect in body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what role do viral infections play in diabetes and the body? |
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Definition
| trigger the pancreases beta cells to function inadequately, resulting in type 1 diabetes |
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Term
| IF a patient's H. A1C is greater than 200, what should be tested for? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are kusmal respiration's and what type of diabetic are they specific to? |
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Definition
| deep, rapid breathing resulting in DKA since unable to rid body of carbon dioxide; specific to type 1 diabetics |
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Term
| Why are diabetics at greater risk for infection? |
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Definition
| Because bacteria loves sugar, and type 2 diabetics have an abundance of it in the circulatory system |
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Term
| What size plate is used to visualize/adhere to portion control in type 2 diabetics? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the recommended amount of daily or weekly exercise? |
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Definition
| 30 min daily/150 min weekly |
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Term
| How does Amalin analog benefit diabetics? |
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Definition
| promotes postprandial satisfaction feeling=weight loss promotion/weight management in type 2 diabetics |
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Term
| How does incretin mimetic tx benefit type two diabetics? |
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Definition
| assists existing beta cells in releasing insulin=increased insulin production and decreased blood glucose levels |
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Term
| what precautions should be taken specific to beta blocker( "olol" endings) use in diabetes? |
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Definition
| they mask the S/S of hypoglycemia, prolong insulin effects and extends hypoglycemic attacks due to slowed metabolism |
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Term
incretin mimetic drug tx only comes in what form?
what are the effects of incretin mimetic tx's? |
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Definition
injection pen(administered at meal times/fast acting)
promotes prandial satisfaction via slow gastric emptying
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Term
| what benefit do biguanides have on diabetics? |
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Definition
| enhances receptors at the cells=increased transport of glucose from blood to cells |
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Term
| When should DPP4 oral tx be used in tye 2 diabetics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which drug and form is the "starter" drug of choice in managing type two diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the main S/S of DKA? |
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Definition
| Dehydration and Kussmaul respiration's |
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Term
| what is the FIRST concern of diabetics suffering DKA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second concern in patients suffering DKA? |
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Definition
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Term
0.5/kg
Hr
is the minimal measurment for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Once re hydration has been reached in patients suffering DKA, what tx is done to slowly replace missing electrolytes? |
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Definition
| Infusion of D5NS and Potassium after NS infusion once BG reaches 250mg/dL |
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Term
| When can insulin therapy restart for patients who suffered DKA? How given? |
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Definition
After airway patent and O2 up, re-hydration with fluids and electrolytes, and BG level reaches 250.
Given bolus via IV then when reach 250, stop drip and given sub Q |
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Term
| HHS is indicative via S/S: |
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Definition
| Increased osmality (thick serum), resulting in dehydration due to lack of fluid in blood |
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Term
What should a nurse look for when re hydrating a patient with HHS or DKA?
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Definition
| crackles, dyspnea, diminished lung sounds |
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Term
| over how long a period should a person with HHS be re hydrated? |
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Definition
| very slowly with hourly monitoring of pH, Glucose and potassium over a period of days |
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Term
| HHS is indicated by a Bood Glucose level of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| HHS is indicated if lab values are what? |
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Definition
BG >400 mg/dL
increased osmality
absent ketones |
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Term
| DKA lab values result in? |
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Definition
| positive keytones, High pH and A&O affected |
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Term
| HHS affects mostly what age population? |
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Definition
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