1. saddle shaped synovial joint: Convex (SUP/INF) and concave (A/P) w/ reciprocal shape of sternum

2. both articulations covered with fibrocartilage

3. has an intra-articular disc and sternoclavicular ligament

4. as shoulder moves into elevation/depression the clavicle moves on the disc which cushions the forces from the arm, like a ball and socket joint

5. Most likely injured after AC joint and clavicle

6. JC thicker anterior > posteriorly

1. Plane synovial joint

2. Acromion process and lateral end of clavicle

3. stabilized by coracoclavicular ligament and acromioclavicular ligament

4. weak fibrous capsule surrounds the joint

5. very little movement

6. seperated shoulder injury (ligament injury of AC joint): unstable, painful, dysfunction of shoulder complex

1. multiaxial ball and socket joint

2. convex humeral head and concave glenoid fossa

3. highly mobile; little stability

4. stabilized by ant and post JC, glenoid labrum, and long head of the biceps which is continuous with the labrum

5. Lig support: superior, middle, and inferior GH ligs

Tendon support: rotator cuff mms (insert into JC)

6. Humeral head is retroverted 30-40 degrees

1. not true joint

2. critical for providing dynamic stability and full AROM of shoulder complex

1. uniaxial hinge joint

2. Concave ulnar notch and convex trochlea of humerus

3. Distal humerus and proximal ulna are offset 45 degrees anteriorly to allow full ROM

4. stabilized by ulnar collateral joint

5. joint carrying angle: 10-15 degrees men 20-25 degrees women

5. joint gaps medially in full extension, laterally in full flexion

6. glides side to side with pronation/supination

1. uniaxial hinge

2. convex capitulum and concave oval facet of proximal radius

3. radial collateral lig provides lateral stability

4. trauma may interfere with elbow flexion and extension

1. uniaxial pivot joint

2. concave radial notch on ulna with convex radial head

3. spherical radial head allows rotation for pronation and supination

4. stability provided by annular ligament

5. injury may limit ability to control the position of the hand

1. uniaxial pivot joint

2. convex ulna and concave radius

3. important in pronation/supination

4. radius moves over ulna for pronation

5. Strengthened by the anterior and posterior radioulnar ligaments

1. Biaxial ellipsoid joint

2. Bioconcave radius and convex scaphoid and lunate bones

3. Radial collateral ligament stabilizes it

4. triangular shaped disc on the ulna stabilizes it

5. available motions: wrist F/E, ulnar/radial deviation, circumduction

1. allow for small amounts of gliding

2. stabilized by doesal, palmar and interosseous ligaments

3. Pisiform doesn't participate in intercarpal motion b/c it rests on the triquetrum

1. medially: scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum articulate with capitate and hammate (middle pillar)

2. laterally: scaphoid articulates with trapezoid and trapezium (lateral pillar)

3. dorsal and palmar ligaments stabilize the joint

4. functional rather than anatomical joint

1. plane synovial joints

2. essentially flat b/t MC bases and distal row of carpals

3. dorsal, palmar, and interosseus ligaments stabilize it

1. Saddle joint

2. med/lat the trapezium is convex to articulate with concave MC

3. A/P the trapezium is concave to articulate with the convex MC

4. Shape allows the thumb to perform F/E, ABD/ADD, and circumduction

5. supported by dorsal, palmar, and lateral ligament

1. formed b/t 2-4 MC bones

2. plane synovial joints held together by ligaments

3. small amount of gliding motion possible

1. Condyloid joints

2. Concave prox phalange on convex metacarpal

3. supported by palmar, transverse, and collateral ligaments

1. Concave distal phalange on convex proximal phalange

2. uniaxial hinge joint allowing flexion and extension

3. palmar and collateral ligaments and fibrous capsule stabilize the joint

1. multiaxial ball and socket joint

2. synovial joint

3. convex femoral head with concave glenoid fossa

4. femur head oriented superiorly, anteriorly, and medially

5. acetabulum faces laterally, inferiorly, and anteriorly

6. deepended by labrum

7. femoral head forms 2/3 of a sphere shape; is mostly covered by articular cartilage

1. modified hinge joint allowing some rotation b/t distal end of femur and tibia

2. surrounded by strong JC

3. Convex med and lat condyles covered w/ hyaline cartilage

4. concave tibial plateaus concave and fit congruently w/ condyles

5. minimal bony stability thus relies on capsule, ligaments, and mms

1. patella gliding into the trochlear groove of the femur

2. saddle shaped joint

3. patellar surface of femur is concave transversly and convex sagitally

3. height of lateral femoral condyle helps to prevent lateral subluxation

4. Oblique groove runs inferiorly and laterally-->guiding mechanism for patellar tracking

5. soft tissue surrounds joint to increase stability

6. joint increases mechanical advantage of quads

7. resists mechanical loading during WB activities

1. syndesmosis joint b/t distal tibial and fibula

2. stabilized by inferior transverse lig, interossues lig, and ant and post tib-fib ligs

3. fibula ER during DF to accomodate wider portion of the talus

1. medial malleolus of tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, and trochlear surface of talus

2. single uniaxial modified hinge joint

3. concave surface of medial malleolus, distal tibia and lateral malleolus with convex talus

4. trochlear surface is wedge shaped (wider anteriorly than posteriorly)

5. DF and PF

6. alot of ligamentous support

1. 2 seperate articulations: anterior and posterior talocalcaneal joints

2. synovial joint with oblique axis that allows triplanar motion

3. ligament support: MCL, LCL, post and lat talocalcaneal lig, and interosseus talocalcaneal lig

1. posterior superior articulation: calcaneus is convex in A-P direction and concave in M-L direction

2. articulates w/ reciprocally curved posterior part of inferior surface of talus

1. obliquely oriented surfaces of biconvex inferior neck and head of talus and bioconcave anterior surface of calcaneus

2. includes posterior surface of navicular bone which articulates with the head of the talus

1. biconvex head of talus + biconcavity formed by posterior navicular surface and upper ridge of plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

2. ball and socket joint

3. supported by deltiod, dorsal talonavicular, calcaneonavicular, and calcaneocuboid ligaments

1. anterior calcaneus is concave M-L and convex Sup-Inf

2. Posterior cubiod is concave Sup-Inf and convex M-L

3. bony prominence on inferior-medial cuboid surface articulates w/ inferior surface of calcaneus (makes the saddle shaped deeper)

4. saddle shaped joint

5. Cuboid is key to lateral arch

1. bioconvex anterior surface of navicular has 3 facets which articulate w/ concave posterior surfaces of 3 cuneiform bones

2. plane synovial joint

1. plane synovial joints

2. proximally 3 cunieforms medially and cuboid laterally + 5 MT heads

3. 1st MT is largest and strongest

4. 2nd MT is longest

5. 3rd MT articulates primarily w/ 3rd cunieform

6. 4th and 5th MT articulate with cuboid

1. convex MT heads + concave proximal phalanges

2. condyloid synovial joints

3. Movements: F/E, ABD/ADD

-1st class:

--> Fulcrum: facets

--> Force arm: paraspinals

-->Resistance arm: weight of upper body and head

1. intervertebral disc and adjacent sup and inf v.bodies

2. allow movement b/t v.bodies and transmit loads from one vertebral segment to another

1. plane, synovial joints b/t inferior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

2. flat surfaces of facets lined with hyaline cartilage

3. each facet joint surrounded by thin, loose articular capsule

4. permit gliding movements b/t vertebrae

5. in cervical and lumbar regions bear some weight

1. synovial articulation b/t occiput and C1

2. AKA "Yes" Joint

1. non-synovial articulation b/t dens of C2 and anterior arch of C1

2. AKA "no" joint

1. suricular shaped joint surfaces of sacrum and ilium

2. syndesmosis combination

3. Ilia is primarily convex and covered w/ thin layer of fibrocartilage

4. sacrum is primarily concave and covered with hyaline cartilage

5. SIJ attenuates foreces from trunk and LEs

1. synovial joint

2. modified hinge type joint

2. articular surfaces covered by dense fibrous connective tissue rather than hyaline cartilage

3. temporal bone forms roof (mandibular fossa, articular eminence, articular crest, and articular tubercle

4. mandibular condlye is convex; has medial and lateral poles

-Freely moving joints

-Main characteristics:

1. ends of bones are covered in smooth, hyaline cartilage (called articular cartilage in the joint)--reduces friction

2. joint complete enclosed by JC--hold to joint together and contains synovial fluid

3. JC is lined with a synovial membrane--secretes synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)

4. joint is also strengthened by multiple ligaments

5. articular surfaces are reciprocally shaped

1. rounded head of one bone into a cupped surface of another

2. allows freedom of movement in all directions

1. convex surface of one joint fits into the concave surface of another joint

2. movement in one plane only (1 degree freedom)

3. Ex: knee, elbow

1. gliding movements b/t flat surfaces glide over one another

2. only limited amt of movement

3. EX: joints b/t carpals/tarsals; facet joints

1. ring bone rotates around a pivot/axis of another bone

2. EX: AA joint; proximal radioulnar joint