Term
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Definition
*4 layers (serosa, submucosa, muscularis, mucosa)
*not specific to any, all |
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Term
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Definition
*innermost
*secretory tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*out submucosa
*2 divisions:
- outer longitudinal musc fibers
- inner circular musc fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| *outtermost layer of tubular |
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Term
|
Definition
*specialized layer in the uterus
*AKA Uterus Muscularis |
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Term
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Definition
*Sperm made and leave
1) make sperm
2) msk testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
*highly coiled tube on surface of testis
*very long, tubular organ
*diameter inc from start (efferent) to end (vas def)
*contracts to help sperm move (dont swim)
1) passageway, blood testis barrier, storage (cauda)
2) allows sperm to gain motility & 3)
fertility (b/c time, and affected by absorp and secretion of proteins/ions in epididmal duct) |
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Term
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Definition
*tube that leaves epididymis
*tubular organ, goes through urethra
*enlarged at joining spot |
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Term
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Definition
*skin w/ T sens sweat glands
* T regulation
*need peripheral scrotum or sterile
*T does not affect hormone prod here
*keeps testes and epidid cool |
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Term
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Definition
*2 vasDef connnect
*leads sperm to penis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*fairly thin
*curved part of penis |
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Term
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Definition
*horses
*inc in diameter
*no sigmoid |
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Term
| Accessory Organs/ Sex Glands |
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Definition
1) Ampulla
2) Seminal Vesicle
3) Prostate
4) Bulbourethral Gland
*if removed = sterile, some removed = fertile
PURPOSE:
1) Secrete fluid/ gel (bulbo), adds vol to ejac
2) pH buffering in secretions, keep sperm alive
3) E sources (fruct), for sperm
4) Coating proteins, inc protein content around sperm |
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Term
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Definition
*accessory sex gland
*enlarged part of vas def
*pathway for sperm excretion |
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Term
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Definition
*ampulla dumps secretions
*lrg secretion = lrg sem vesicle
*secrete fructose for E |
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Term
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Definition
*on 1 side under sem vesic
*wraps around urethra in dogs |
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Term
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Definition
*paired accessory sex glands
*end of urethra |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Urethralis Muscle
2) Bulbospongiosus Muscle
3) Ischiocavernosus Muscle
4) Retractor Penis Muscle
5) Cremaster Muscle |
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Term
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Definition
*around urethra
*contracts, moves sperm |
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Term
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Definition
*in cavernosus extends longer
*covers penis
*involved in ejac |
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Term
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Definition
*root of penis, base of pelvis
*achieve erection |
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Term
|
Definition
*when contracted (normal), penis inside body
*when aroused (relaxed), penis extends out |
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Term
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Definition
*spermatic cord musc (wraps around SC, not part of it)
*next to artery and vein
*fight or flight musc
*contracts to hide scrotum |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Testicular Artery
2) Testicular Vein
3) Pampiniform Plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| *warm blood from heart to testicle |
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Term
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Definition
*cool blood from testicle back to heart for circulation
*cools blood in testicular artery |
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Term
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Definition
*coiled testicular artery & vein
*coiled around e. other in scrotum |
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Term
|
Definition
COMPOSED OF:
testicular vein, testicular artery, vas def
*surrounded by cremaster musc |
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Term
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Definition
| *prevent sperm transport in pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
*take sperm from tail of epidid (rodents)
NO ACCESSORY (IN VIVO)
*sterile
SOME ACCESSORY (VIVO, VITRO)
*fertile, sterile |
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Term
|
Definition
*w/in the scrotum skin
*allows prolonged relaxation/ contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
Tunica Dartos
Parietal Tunica Vaginalis
Visceral Tunica Vaginalis
Tunica Albuginea
Parenchyma (working tiss) |
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Term
|
Definition
UNILATERAL CRYPTORCHID
*1 teste abdominal (1out, 1in)
*male somewhat fertile
BILATERAL CRYPTORCHID
*both testes abdominal (2in)
*not fertile
*still have male behavior by hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
1) PERIPHERAL LOCATION
*scrotum
2) PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS
*inc SA of contact, inc heat exchange
*countercurrent exchange, flow in diff directions
*arrangement allows max cooling of testicular arterial blood
3) TUNICA DARTOS MUSC
* androgen sens -> sensitive to testosterone
-if block androgen, doesnt respond to T
*T sens
*HOT: TDM extend out (relax)
COLD: contract in
4) T SENS SWEAT GLANDS
*HOT: sweat -> evaporative cooling
**** 1,2: ALWAYS FUNCTIONING
**** 3,4: RESPOND W/ ENV |
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Term
|
Definition
*TESTICULAR ARTERY coming to testes from heart, highly coiled
*TESTICULAR VEIN coiled around artery
-this interaction inc SA contact, inc heat exchaneg
*blood in artery comes from heart (warm) -> blood in vein from testes (cool)
*countercurrent exchange for maximal cooling
RESULT:
*cool blood (vein) cools artery b/c close contact
*as moves towards heart, artery warms vein |
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Term
|
Definition
*mostly marine
WHALE
*testes under dorsal
*venous blood comes from dorsal fin (cold) and coold arterial blood before testes
MANATEE
*area of skin near hind fin w/ cool venous blood
*coold arterial even though interabdominal |
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Term
| Parts of Testes Parenchyma |
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Definition
INTERSTITIUM
*has leydig cells (testost synth)
*blood vessels, vein, cap, artery, connect tiss, lymph, nerve end
RETE TESTIS (MEDIASTINUM)
*central collecting duct (donut hole)
*connective tiss ducts
*all animals have (bulls on top)
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
*make sperm
*contains sertoli cells
*no blood vessels inside bc outside tubule |
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Term
| Components of Semin Tubules |
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Definition
PERITUBULAR MYOID CELLS
*contraction helps move fluid through
BASEMENT MEMB
*not a lipid bilayer, its a tiss w/ protein (GAGs)
*acellular structure
SERTOLI CELLS
*secrete androgen bid protein
*O2 needs to pass through to get to mature sperm
*can be controlled |
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Term
|
Definition
*O2 needs complex pathway to get to most advanced germ cells -> so low O2 req (need for develop)
*through or around myoid, basement, and sertoli -> basal compartment |
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Term
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Definition
*coalesce into a single duct (start of epidid)
*fluid resorption
*@ single duct, inc [sperm] > end of rete testis because absorb more water |
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Term
| Sertoli Movement and Developed Germ Cells |
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Definition
1) Developed germ cell (1° S.Cyte) ready to go through tight junc in front (adluminal)
2) Form TJ on basal side (both TJ closed, secluded from both compartments)
3) Dissolve TJ on adluminal side = now on adluminal
4) Rest of S.Gen occurs on adluminal (2° S.Cyte -> end) |
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Term
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Definition
*blood does not go straight from pituit -> testes
1) LH (pit) goes back to heart
2) diluted b/c of blood flow from other organ into heart
3) LH leave heart very diluted
4) LH in arterial blood goes to kidney, testis, sm int, spinal cord (no receptors, so doesnt bind)
5) receptors bind the dilute LH in gonad (receptors have high affinity b/c dilute LH)
6) testosterone goes back to heart in test vein
7) semin vess, pit, etc @ same []s
8) steroid receptors bind testost in seminal vesicle
9) response |
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Term
|
Definition
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
-protein & glycoprotein, peptidase, prostaglandin, steroid
SOURCE ORGAN
-hypothalamic and gonadotropic hormone
TARGET ORGAN |
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Term
| Hormone Classification: Chem Structure |
|
Definition
PROTEIN/ GLYCO
*long AA & carbohydrate
*(EX): LH, 2 sep AA chains (glyco)
-protein w/ receptor on cell surf
PEPTIDASE
*short AA
*(EX): GnRH (too big to readily pass)
-protein w/ receptor on cell surf
*(EX): trithrianine (short AA)
-can pass readily w/o receptor on surf
PROSTAGLANDIN
*about 20C long
-pass easy b/x sm and nonp
STEROID
*cholesterol molecule (synth for choles)
*(EX): testosterone, estrogen
-receptors intracellular (pass easy, nonp & sm) |
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Term
| Hormone Classification: Source Organ |
|
Definition
HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE
*GnRH
GONADOTROPIN HORMONE/ GONADOTROPINS
*LH |
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Term
| Hormone Classification: Target Organ |
|
Definition
HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONE
*GnRH leaves hypothal, pick up by caps, delivered
*hypothalamic pit portal syst
GONADOTROPIN HORMONE/ GONADOTROPINS
*LH binds to sp receptors on sp cells in testes
*directed towards gonad |
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Term
|
Definition
1) PROVIDES PERMISSIVE ENV FOR SPERMATOGENESIS IN MATURE ANIMAL
-allows to do but does not regulate testosterone directly
2) CONTRIBUTES TO PRE/POSTNATAL MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT & POST PUBAL MAINTENACE
*includes ASGlands
3)T SENSITIVITY OF TUNICA DARTOS
4) MALE LIBIDO
5) MALE PATTERN MUSCLING |
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Term
| Maintaining Constant Testosterone |
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Definition
GnRH
*pulsatile secretions
*released and goes away
*fastest 1/2 life
LH
*stimulation of LH synth and release
*caused by GnRH stimulating pituitary gonadotroph
*released in response to GnRH (so peak)
*relatively fast 1/2 life
TESTOSTERONE
*affected by vascular permeability
*stim by LH
*control w/ - feedback |
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Term
| Negative Feedback of Testosterone |
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Definition
*high levels cause reduced release of factor that regulates release; trying to keep constant level of hormone
EX: if high levels of testosterone, binds to androgen receptors and reduce freq of GnRH pulse, which dec LH pulse |
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Term
|
Definition
*the first gradual change from repro incompetence to repro competence
*only goes through 1x
*differing times depending on animal |
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Term
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Definition
| *contribute to development of puberty in brain |
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Term
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Definition
1) cheap to measure
2) reliably measured |
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Term
|
Definition
1) EJAC W/ ENOUGH SPERM FOR CONCEPTION
-mounting w/ ejac
- % of motility inc
2) INC MUSCLE PATTERNING
3) INC HORMONE LEVELS
-testost (lasts longer)
-LH (cheap to measure)
4) SIZE OF TESTIS
-measure scrotal circumference
5) COLLECTION OF BEHAVIORS
-aggression, sex interest
6) APPEARANCE OF SPERM IN URINE |
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Term
|
Definition
*gradual process of making sperm in seminiferous tubules
*differing times in diff animals (bulls longer)
-1/3 approx time e. Mitotic, Meiotic, Cell Remodel
*develop sperm w/in the same Sertoli cell during the entire process in STubule
-will eventually dissociate from Sertoli in lumen of STubule
* (START) Stem Cell S.Gonia; simp cell ---> (END) S.Zoa; highly differentiated |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
*have mito wrapped around midpiece
*only in midpiece |
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Term
| 'Stages' of Spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
1) MITOTIC DIVISIONS
*sperm cell S.Gonia undergo series of mitotic divisions b/c trying to become differentiated
*S.Gonia undergo mitotic division -> 1° S.Cyte after last S.Gonia divides
*7 divisions = 100+ S.Gonia
2) MEIOTIC DIVISIONS
*1° S.Cyte divides -> 2, 2° S.Cyte
3) MEIOTIC DIVISION & CELL REMODELING
*2° S.Cytes give rise to 4 Step 1 Spermatids
*Step 1 undergoes cellular remodeling (not divide) to become S.Zoa |
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Term
|
Definition
*dont know if divide into:
1, A1 S.Gonia & 1 SCS.Gonia (uneven) OR
2, A1 S.Gonia
*in semin tubules |
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Term
|
Definition
*dont fully undergo cytokinesis
*maintain connected by cytoplasmic bridge |
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Term
|
Definition
*each species has only 1 generation
*each divide to give rise to B S.Gonia |
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Term
|
Definition
*describes I vs A
*can be dust like or crust like |
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Term
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Definition
| *last mitotic division to produce 1° S.Cyte (grow sm in size) |
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Term
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Definition
A1 -> A2
*timing very regulated
A3 -> I
* faster divisions
*mitotic divisions vary in time, but w/in the same generation almost same times |
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Term
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Definition
| *haploid w/ duplicate copy of 1 memb in pair of homologous chromo |
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Term
|
Definition
*pass through blood testis barrier
*tight junc forms behind and pass into lumen compartment
*1 S.Cyte results in 4 Step 1 Spermatids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| *allows cells to synch communication |
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Term
|
Definition
ON ADLUMINAL SIDE
*isolated from IS so can have unique proteins
*important for sperm development; on sperm and help it recognize oocyte
BASAL SIDE
*immune response |
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Term
|
Definition
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
*spermatids undergo this phase in semin tubules to make look like sperm
EPIDIDYMIS
*S.Gonia in epidid acquire ability and motility |
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Term
| Spermiogenesis vs spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
SPERMATO
*dividing to make sperm
*occurs 1st
*has stages
SPERMIO
*forming sperm shape
*occurs 2nd
*has phases |
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Term
|
Definition
1) GOLGI
2) CAP
3) ACROSOMAL
4) MATURATION |
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Term
|
Definition
1) synthesize secretory vesicle on 1 side of nucleus
2) centrioles migrate to opposite side of nucleus of where sec vessels formed |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Secretory Vessel forms cap
2) Distal centriole grows axoneme |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Nucleus elongates
2) Secretory vessels extend
3) Continued growth of axoneme; microtubules help move cytoplasm to axoneme part of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
1) mitochondria wraps around midpiece f tail
2) lose almost all cytoplasm b/c microtubule arrangement
3)axoneme grows full length
*shed cytoplasm and released into lumen of ST |
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Term
|
Definition
*release into lumen right after maturation
*cytoplasmic bridge lost
BULL -> 14 phases? |
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Term
| Sections of Seminiferous Tubule |
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Definition
XSEC
*same phase all the way around b/c nourishment of cells
LONGITUDINAL
*forms the wave
*diff stages |
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Term
|
Definition
*Sertoli cells get to be associated w/ same stage
*cells released into lumen at VII
*indicates STAGES (I-VII...)
*diff stages = diff microenv (kinda) |
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Term
|
Definition
*not specific to spermatogen
*stages, phases, steps specific |
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Term
|
Definition
1) TJ isolate the most advanced germ cells from the immune syst
2) TJ allow creation of microenvironment
3) provide nourishment to germ cells in adluminal compartment
-includes O2
4) Sertoli and germ cells have two way, paracrine signalling
-tells how to regulate S.Gen precisely |
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Term
|
Definition
*blood outside (never in) seminiferous tubule
*Sertoli along lengthwise of semin tubule
*blood diffuses through basement memb
*basal compartment pretty much exposed to same env, influenced by blood supply ad exposed to IS
*blood on adluminal side greatly influenced by what passes through Sertoli -> can create diff microenv as result of TJ and can have diff secretory capacity |
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Term
|
Definition
*Sertoli cells signaling germ cells associated w. them
*germ cells signaling sertoli associated
(two-way communication)
-provide different signals at diff stages on wave |
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Term
4)
How precise regulation of S.Gen |
|
Definition
1) Master Clock in germ cells
-one type paracrine signaling
2) Cytoplasmic Bridges
-contribute to synchrony of germ cells
3) Microenv |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*what % of A2 S.Gonias potential contribution to sperm S.Zoa actually happened
-not always 100% (the best is 50%)
-get fewer in heat, less efficient at A3, or 1 SCytes
*Sperm /g testis per day
-18-30 mill sperm/g testis takes care of live stock species
-4-8 fold greater than humans & primates
-caused by very organized S.Gen wave |
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Term
|
Definition
*spermatozoa released into lumen of STube half way through stages (VII)
*move down length of ST and get to Rete Testis (lumen of mediastinum)
-fluid flow help move, peritubular myoid too
*pass into efferent duct coalesce
*now in epididymal duct |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1) Isolated advanced germ cells from IS and allows germ cells to have unique protein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
X: time
DIFF COLORS: diff generations
-steps in each generation advance at diff rates
- gen to gen S.Gen timing approx same
GROUPS: 12 stages of germ cells |
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Term
|
Definition
* all S.Gen happens between same 2 Sertoli all days
*when the preceding cells are @ intermediate stage of A(3) S.Gonia, Stem Cell gives rise to A1
*develop @ same rate as others
*developing germ cells progress, not regress |
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Term
| Encouragers of Next Stem Cell division |
|
Definition
1) preceding developing germ cells are at A(3) specific point in development
COUPLED W/
2) Timing of development of germ cells is precise
- so limited number of possibilities of diff germ cell types between 2 adjacent Sertoli
*need stages in order to do this |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*the specific grouping of mult germ cell types found in the testes
*only 12 diff possible combos of germ cell types between 2 adjacent Sertoli (bull)
-can have diff numbers of germ cell types w/in each grouping (EX): 4 vs 5 b/c released in lumen [fewer in seasonal animals]
*indicate that germ cell development is precise in time
***PHASES = Spermiogen |
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Term
|
Definition
XSEC
*same stage all the way around
*b/c Sertoli cells associated w/ same groupings on other side (nourishing developing germ cells, so makes it easier)
LONGITUDINAL
*diff stages along line (like the paper diagram)
*in bulls, stage 1-12
*WAVE |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*sertoli associated w/ developing germ cells get to be associated w/ same stage
*if have aberration (misordered stages) -> progress as normal |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of S.Gen Stages |
|
Definition
*b/c timing is precise, regulated by:
1) Cytoplasmic Bridges
-keep germ cells that developed from same stem cell synchronous
2) Master Clock
-Sertoli cells dont control S.Gen, S.Gonia (germ cells) contains clock |
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Term
| Contributors to Male Repro Syst |
|
Definition
*organ to organ communincation (hypothal and pituitary use)
1) Nerves
2) Circulatory Syst/ Endocrine singalig
*b/c blood flows by hypothal and pit and tesis
* need for classic endocring sig (source organ releases substance into blood -> subs travel through blood to target organ -> receptor binds to intitate resp)
3) Neurohormonal Signaling
*1st part signal = neural, 2nd hormonal
*calf suckling (neural stim utter), hormonal (oxytocin) |
|
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Term
| Target Organ Affected by (endocrine signaling) |
|
Definition
1) pattern of secretion
-surges/ constan hormone release
2) amount of hormone that reaches target organ
-stim of source organ
-blood flow to source
-vasc permeability (cap syst determines how much hormone gets to blood)
3) Receptors
- # of recep
-affinity of receo
-specialized recep (certain cells lack reccep) |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal Syst |
|
Definition
1) Pituitary gonadotrope responds to GnRH released by GnRH secreting neuron's in hypothalamus
2) Capillaries drain from hypothalamus and merge and then diverge where they run by the pituitary gonadotropes as another capillary bed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*reduces dilution of GnRH before reaches target cells
-Bc aren't uniting (for a long time) and mixing a large amount of blood
-capillary bed allows GnRH to leave and go to pituitary gonadotropes (O2 via arteriole)
*endocrine signaling b/c organ, blood, organ (always travels in blood) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*source cell & target cell are different cell types but does not travel in blood
*only acts on nearby target cells; diffuses into nearby tissue
EX: Androgen receptors on Sertoli cells, germ cells, peritubular myoid cells that respond to T released by Leydig cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
*the source cell and the target cell are the same cell type but does not travel in blood
*Ex: Leydig's produce test and have androgen recep (testost can bind in same cell) |
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