Term
| internal vs external respiration |
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Definition
- I intraceullar metabolic processes of the mitochondria
E- gas exchange corss respiratory epithelia of the lungs |
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Term
| how does air enter the body |
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Definition
| through the nose and mouth then passes throught the nosopharynx/oropharynx, the glottis and larynx and then to the tracheobronchial tree |
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Term
| what do the airways branch into |
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Definition
| bronchi> bronchioles then respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts |
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Term
| what is the conducting zone |
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Definition
| first 16 generation contain no alveoli and do not participate in gas exhange with venous blood(anatomic dead space no gas exchange) |
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Term
| where is the site of gas exchange |
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Definition
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Term
air moves from areas of ____Pressure to ______
-what is alveloar pressure
-what is intrapleural pressure?
overall equation for ventilation? |
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Definition
higher to lower pressure
- AP-pressure inside the lung
- IP-pressure at the interface of the lung and chest wall
V= change in pressure/resistance= (AP-atomospheric pressure)/ Resistance |
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Term
what are inspiratory muscles?
what are the two innervated by? |
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Definition
| diaphram and external intercostal muscles - primary muscle for inspiration and is innervated by the phrenic nerve(dome goes downward), the external intercostal muscles are innervated by intercostal nerves(enlarge ribcage) |
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Term
| inspiration=muscles of inspriation are activated to contract> leads to |
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Definition
| thoracis volume decreases> intrapleaural P become more negative> alveeoli enlarge passively> increase in alveloar volume cause a decrease in alveolar pressure= air flows into lungs |
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Term
| expiration is normally___ during quiet breathing. how does this happen? |
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Definition
passive
the muscles that contracted during inspiration relaxc and elastic recoil of the lungs increases the alveolar pressure above that of atmospheric pressure so air moces out of the lungs
- a forced/active expiration will contact the muscles of the abdominal wall |
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Term
| what are the lung volumes and define |
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Definition
tidal volume= volume of air entering and leaving the lungs with each normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume= additional volume of gass that can be inhaled above the TV during a forced maximal inspiration
EXpiratory reserve volume= additional volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs beyong TV during a forced maximal expiraiton
residual volume= volume of gas left after a maximal forced expiration
[image]
[image] |
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Term
| what is the total lung capacity and what is it composed of? |
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Definition
total volume of ait in the lungs after a maximal inspiration
residual volume +ERV+TV+ IRV |
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Term
| what is functional residual capacity |
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Definition
volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal expiration
FRC= ERV+RV |
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Term
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Definition
volume of air expelled fromt he lungs after a maximal inspiration and expiraiton
VC=ERV+TV+IRV |
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Term
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Definition
volume of air that was moved in and out of the lungs per minute
VE= Tidal volume(mL/breath) x respiratory rate(breaths/min) |
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Term
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Definition
volume of air not participating in gas exchange per minute
VDS= Dead space volume x ResRate
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Term
| alveolar ventilation (VA) |
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Definition
alveolar ventilation (VA) part of the tidal volume that enters of leaves the gas exchange area of the lung per breath per minute
VA=(TV-deadspaceV)x RR= VE-VDS |
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Term
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Definition
gas will diffuse from areas of higherr partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure
- blood in the pulmonary circulation has a partial pressure gradient for oxygen to move into the blood and carbon dioxide to move out of the blood
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Term
| what CO2 react with in the capillary blood |
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Definition
- react slowly to form bicarbonate
- enter RBC and react with water to make carbonic anhydrase
- enter RBc and react with terminal amine groups of blood protiens> carbaminohemoglobin |
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Term
how do we control ventilation
initiated by?
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Definition
CNS(pons and medulla
- MEdullary respiratory center... |
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Term
| what does the medullary respiratory center contain and what do they do? |
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Definition
doral respiratory group- contain mostly inspiratory neurons
ventral respiratory group- contain inspiratory and expiratory neruons,not activated in quiet breathing
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Term
strecth receptors
location?
how are they projected to the brain
when there is an increase in stretch what will happen? |
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Definition
- smooth muscle of large and small airways
- afferent fibers travel through the vagus nerve and project into the brainstem
- increase in streach will be an inhibitory neurons to prevent the overexpansion of the lungs. The opposite will happen if there is a decrease in stretch |
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Term
central chemorecptors
located?
sense? |
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Definition
medulla
increase in PCO2 and decrease in pH by sensing the H+ in cerebral spinal fluid
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Term
periperal chemorecptors
found?
sense?
activation will? |
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Definition
- in carotid bodies and aoritc arch
able to sense crease in PO2 and to lesser extent the PCO2 an increase in pH
-increase in ventilation |
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Term
| what happens in hypoventilation |
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Definition
decrease in ventilation leading to an increase in arterial PCOS
carbon dioxide will start to build up throughout the body
the increase in PCo2 will cause a decrease in pH(respiratory acidosis)
this willa ctive the chemorecptors to increase respiratory rate
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Term
| what happens in hyperventilation |
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Definition
increase in ventilation will increae the respiratory rate or TV and decreae the PCO2
-rate of ventilation is higher than what is needed to remove CO2 from blood
- decrease in the PCO2 will decrease the inspiratory drive
prolonged hyperventialtion will lead to respiratory alkalosis( increase in pH) which can cause arterioles in the brain to constric> decrease in blood flow to the brain(dizziness) |
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Term
| how does exercise affect ventilation |
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Definition
the increase in metabolic activity will acause an increase in ventilation. Ventilation rate will match tht for carbon dioxide removal so there is no decrease in arterial Pco2 that was seen in hyperventilation
- demand for more oxygen and produce more CO2
- increase in CO2 increases pulmonary vascular pressure and increases gas exchange at the upper lungs
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