Term
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Definition
any transmission of signals accomplished by means other than spoken or written words
may be divided into those that are derivd from spoken language and those that are independence of it
the dtudy of the properties of signs and symbols and their functions in communication is referred to as semiotics |
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Term
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Definition
characteristics of vocal communication considered marginal or optional and therefore excludable from the customary linguistic analysis
tone of voice, pacing of speech, noticeable variations in pitch, tempo, rhythm, articulation, or intensity |
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Term
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Definition
speech tends to be accompanied not only by vocal gestures but also by visual gestures - facial expressions and other bodily motions
no body movement of facial expression lacks meaning in the context in which it occurs and body movements, posture, and facial expressions are patterned like other aspects of voluntary human behavior |
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kineme: the smsallest discriminable contrastive unit of body motion
kinesic behavior is bound to be just as culture specific as the corresponding language |
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Definition
the study of the cultural patterning spatial separation individuals maintain in face to face encounters
the distances individuals maintain from one another depend on the nature of their mutual involvement and are culture-specific
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Term
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Definition
a means of servicable communication
myanmar, mexico, the canary islands, french pyrenees. cameroon, and new guinea
whistled languages can be divided into two groups, those that are based on "tone languages," and those based on "non-tone languages"
whistling to emulate speech and facilitate communication. |
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Term
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Definition
when a tone language is whistled, the whistles convey the high and low pitches; physically it correlates with the frequency of the sound, or the rate of variation in air pressure
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Term
| fundamental frequency (F0) |
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Definition
| rate of vocal fold vibration, measured in hertz (Hz); the higher the FO, the higher the pitch |
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Term
| mazateco indians of mexico |
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Definition
| only men use whistle speech but women understand it; used to communicate at a distance; used by boys to communicate in the presence of elders talking; ambiguities or confustion conasued by identical tonal patterns are easily identifieable from the context |
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Term
| whistled non-tone languages |
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Definition
Siblo Gomero whistled spanish used on the La Gomera
whistled vowels can be differentiated by varying pitches and most of the consonants of the relatively simple sound system of the spoken language are heard as modifications of the whistled vowels that come before or after them |
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Term
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Definition
west africa and parts of south asia
they are used to convey messages at a distance but also for standardized proverbs and greetings
like whistled languages the convey the tone of the source language
the length of the drumbeat corresponds to the length of the syllable |
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Term
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Definition
the two tone systems of west africa are converted to drums
with two different drums
- small=high tone
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large = low tone
varying the points where the drum is hit |
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Definition
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Definition
| sign languages used to the exclusion of spoken language- for example, be people born deaf. |
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Definition
| sign languages found in communities of speaker-hearers as regualr or occasional substitutes for speech |
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Term
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Definition
the manual alaphabet which is made up of signs representing the 26 letters of the alphabet
and ampersand (&)
sign language proper, a particular sign stands for a concept or to put it in terms of spoken language, a word or morpheme |
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Term
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Definition
ASL/ Ameslan
ASL is a language that incorporates mime, and picture-like images to express and convey abstract ideas and concepts
uses space and movement to convey meaning |
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Term
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Definition
primary sign languages used by the deaf are highly structured, complete, and independent communicative systems, comparable in complexity to spoken and written languages
are natural languages in the sense that their acqusition is the automatic result of interaction with others who depend upon signing |
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Term
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Definition
arises late in human history
it was though that writing was onle invented once in the old world and once in the new world
it is now thought that it could have been invented several times (mayans, sumerians, chinese) |
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Term
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Definition
pictograms (ideograms)
logograms
phonograms
alphabetic writing |
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Term
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Definition
a pictoral graphic system
picture represent objects directly and concretely
(nat'l park signs: bathrooms, fishing)
pictograms can convey meanings and thuse become ideograms
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Term
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Definition
graphemes (the character) are semantic units
morphemic: (roughly) 1-to-1 correspondence between graphemes and morphemes
polymorphemic: grampheme represents multiple morphemes at once |
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Term
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Definition
graphemes represent sound units
further distinction depends on the size of sound unit (syllabic, segmental, featural) |
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Term
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Definition
earliest known writing system in the world
Sumerians mesopotamia 6000BP
script becomes stylized
objects>pictograms>(sideways)> cuneiform |
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Term
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Definition
cuneiform becomes logographic
the symbol becomes more about the word than the thing represented
-ex: egyptian hierogylphics |
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Term
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Definition
writings system making use of signs representing the syllables
a way to simplify matters is to represent the different syllables occuring in spoken language rather than attempting to find a sign for each of its many words
graphemes stand for entire syllables
present day: japanese kana |
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Term
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Definition
phoencians developed a syllabary, by 1500BC
greeks used phonecians writing system and created an alphabet
etruscans borrowed in and adpated it, which was later adapted by the romans for latin |
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Term
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Definition
logical next step to simplify syllabic writings systems, in which each different distinctive sound of a language tends to be represented by a separate sign/letter
ennglish words can be written down by means of only the 26 letters of the english alphabet |
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Term
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Definition
all western alphabets (greek roman cyrillic)
subtype: syllabic, segmental, and featural
craphemes correspond roughly to phone segments (though many ambiguities
-important subtype: consonantal writings systems
~only write consonants
~ short vowels and other phonetic material can be indicated by optional diacrities
~ typically used for semantic languages |
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Term
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Definition
mixture of syllabic and segmental systems
graphemes represent syllables: consonant plus one inherent (default) vowel
other graphemes are derived from basic ones by modifications (ex: diacrities, rotation) |
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Term
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Definition
logophoric system in which differenc charaters represent different words or morphemes
derived fromm an earlier pictographic and ideographic system
characters represent words/morphemes
no area between written characters
(no spaces between words) |
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Term
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Definition
japanese kanji (derived from chinese)
japanese hiragana (syllabary with highly stylized chinese borrowed characters)
japanese katakana (syllabary for foreign loan words derived from hiragana)
romanji (roman alphabet used for foreign place names) |
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Term
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Definition
phonemic alphabet
-24 hangul letters (jamo)
- "ja"=character, "mo"=mother
organized into syllabic blocks
featural writings system: graphemes represent elements smaller than the phone.
articulary/phonetic features
basic strokes for phonetic features corresponding sound
vowel strokes combine with consonant strokes to form syllables
wyllables are surronded by whitespace
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