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Notecards 201-250
N/A
49
History
11th Grade
10/08/2008

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Term
Newburgh Conspiracy
Definition
Continental Army officers met in Newburgh, NY to address Congress about their pay. Considered staging a coup and seizing control of government but George Washington refused.
Term
Articles of Confederation
Definition
delegated most powers to individual states; left power to federal government of wars, foreign policy, and issuing money. Its weakness couldn't unite the country. Major success was Northwest Ordinance.
Term
Constitution
Definition
document which established present federal government and outlined its powers. can be changed through amendments.
Term
Preamble
Definition
"We the people of the United States..."
Term
Legislature
Definition
branch in government that makes laws. two parts are House of Representatives and the Senate.
Term
Logrolling
Definition
practice of representatives/senators exchanging votes for each others' pet bills.
Term
Riders
Definition
seperate, unrelated causes added to a bill in legislature either to ensure that it passes or fails.
Term
Quorum
Definition
minimum number of members of Congress who must be present in order to hold a sessioin.
Term
Seniority
Definition
part of committee system. member of Congress in a committee moves up in rank in that committee as long as he's reelected.
Term
Committee System
Definition
after a bill is introduced in Congress, it's assigned to a small group of legislatures for reiew/consideration, and committee must vote to approve bill before it's returned to Senate or House of Reps for a vote.
Term
Majority leader
Definition
by majority party of Congress, the person elected to be leader of majority party in Congress
Term
Majority whip
Definition
person who tells members of majority party how they shold vote.
Term
Minority leader
Definition
minority party of Congress electing a person to be leader of the minority party in Congress.
Term
Minority whip
Definition
person who tells members of minority party in Congress how they should vote.
Term
Gerrymander
Definition
practice of drawing boundary lines of Congressional voting districts to give particular political party an advantage when electing representatives.
Term
Bills become law
Definition
bill to become a law: bill introduced to committee and be approved, voted on by House of Reps and then Senate, and finally signed by the president.
Term
House of Representatives
Definition
part of Congress; "lower house." number of representatives depend on the population of the state.
Term
Senate
Definition
part of Congress; considered "upper house." Each state has two senators.
Term
Executive branch
Definition
branch of government enforcing laws. headed by president, who has power to veto legislation passed by Congress.
Term
Judiciary branch
Definition
branch of government who interprets laws. highest authority is the Supreme Court, which determines constitutionality of laws.
Term
Interstate relations
Definition
no state is allowed to form compact with another state/foreign power without consent of Congress.
Term
amendment process
Definition
_________ to Constition may be proposed if 2/3 of members of Congress or 2/3 state legislatures vote for it. the __________ may then be added to Constitution by 3/4 vote of state legislature, or special state conventions elected for that purpose.
Term
Supremacy clause
Definition
Article 6 of constitution declaring all federal laws to be "supreme law of the land" which override any state laws.
Term
Ratification
Definition
Constitution had to be approved by at least 9 our of the 13 original states in order to be put into effect.
Term
Checks and Balances
Definition
each of 3 government branches block the power of the other 2 so no branch can become too powerful.
Term
Seperation of power
Definition
powers of government are divided between 3 branches
Term
maryland
Definition
state who refused to ratify it until all states gave their western land claims. state held out, claims were abandoned.
Term
state constitutions
Definition
BEFORE: more power to each individual state. AFTER: the power is more equally balanced out.
Term
Pennsylvania militia routs Congress, 1783
Definition
unpaid war veterans staged protest outside Congress, forcing Congress to move to Princeton, NJ.
Term
Northwest posts
Definition
British fur-trading posts in Northwest territory. Presence later caused US/British conflict.
Term
Land Ordinance of 1785
Definition
major success of Articles of Confederation. provided for orderly surveying/distribution of land belonging to US
Term
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Definition
major success of Articles of Confederation. said Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as minimum population for a state.
Term
Proposed Jay-Gardoqui Treaty of 1785
Definition
treaty between US and Spain would've given US special privelages at Spanish ports in exchange for exclusive Spanish rights to Mississippi River. treaty was never signed.
Term
Shays' Rebellion
Definition
during Articles. poor landowners in Massachusetts rebelled. federal government wasn't strong enough to help Boston, which is a sign the Articles of Confederation weren't working.
Term
Annapolis Convention
Definition
precursor to Constitutional Convention. little was accomplished except the realization that changes were needed to be made.
Term
1780's Depression
Definition
caused by post-war decrease in production/increase in unemployment, and also caused by tough interstate commerce rules which decreased trade
Term
Noah Webster
Definition
wrote first dictionaries and promoted American spelling instead of British
Term
Philadelphia Convention
Definition
convention that lasted 16 weeks and produced present Constitution of the US, drafted largely by James Madison
Term
Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws
Definition
man who believed that government's power should be devided into seperate branches, govt should be close to the people, and laws should reflect the will of the people.
Term
John Locke
Definition
2nd treatise of government. wrote all humans have right to life, liberty and property and government exists to protect those rights.
Term
Hobbes
Definition
philosopher who believed people are motivated mainly by fear and greed.
Term
James Madison
Definition
"father of the constitution." created the Virginia Plan and wrote most of Constitution.
Term
Great Compromise
Definition
VA plan vs NJ plan.
compromised by creating House and Senate, and using both for method of electing members of each.
Term
Conneticut Plan
Definition
the plan for the Great Compromise
Term
North-South Compromise
Definition
slaves deemed as 3/5 of a person in the South
Term
slavery
Definition
south's slave trade guaranteed for 20 years after ratification of Constitution, and slaves were considered 3/5 of population
Term
Beard thesis
Definition
Charles Austin Beard wrote that Constitution was to protect the economic interests of its writers
Term
Fiske
Definition
The Critical Period of American History. HE called intro of Confederation the "critical period" because it saved nation from certain disaster under Articles of Confederation
Term
Antifederalists
Definition
opposed ratification of Constitution. they were for the strong individual power at state-level. wanted to keep Articles of Confederation.
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