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| First Person to observe cells. Wrote Micrographia, which was a milestone in the history of microscopy. Introduced the term 'cells' in this work |
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| Classified all known plants and animals and standardized terminology and nomenclature. He was the first to use the scientific name HOMO SAPIENS. His binomial nomenclature for species is the starting point for all nomenclature. |
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| Performed the first vaccination against smallpox, on James Phipps, in 1796. He was a pioneer in immunology and virology. |
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| Noted for his theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. |
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| Discovered the basic principles of heredity through a breeding experiment with peas in the monastery garden. His work laid the foundation for the new science of genetics. |
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| Pioneer in bacteriology. Killed microbes by heat and saved the French wine industry in 1864. Later his method helped preserve milk, beer, and food. Developed a cure for rabies. |
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| Won the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1904 for his work on digestion and the nervous system. Famous for his conditioned reflex work with dogs. |
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| Won the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1930 for his discovery of the 4 types of human blood. Discovered the Rh blood factor in 1940. |
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| Known for her concern for the ecology and the environment, especially for her opposition to the indiscriminate use of pesticides. |
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| James D. Watson and Francis H.C. Crick |
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| Discovered the structure of DNA, for which they shared the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1962. |
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| Believed that water was the one element from which the world was formed. Founder of Greek Science, Mathematics, and Philosophy. |
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| Developed a theory that the world consisted of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. |
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| Developed a law of gases (volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure). Known as the "Father of Chemistry." First to separate chemistry from alchemy. First to clearly define element. |
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| Discovered hydrogen (1766), and showed that water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. |
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| Formulated the law of partial pressure in gases (1802) and developed the atomic theory and explained its application (1803). |
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| Founder of the science of organic chemistry. Synthesized organic compounds from inorganic material (1828), thus refuting the prevailing "vital force" theory. |
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| Discovered a mathematical relationship between electricity and the valence of a chemical element. These laws of electrolysis bear his name. A pioneer in the liquefaction of gases. |
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| Developed the foundations of spectroscopy (1859) with Gustav Kirchnoff. Discovered cesium and rubidium. |
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| Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev |
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| Devised the periodic table. |
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| Founder of microbiolgy. Laid the foundation of the germ theory of disease. Developed a vaccine against rabies (1885). Founder of preventive medicine. |
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| Shared the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903 with Pierre and Marie Curie for the discovery of natural radioactivity. |
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| Developed the theory of the atom (1911). Discovered alpha and beta rays and protons. Known as the "Father of Nuclear Science." Won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1908 for work on the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances. |
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| Developed a theory of atomic structure (1913). |
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| Invented the process of producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen for which he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1918. |
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| Shared the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1951 with Edwin M. McMillan for the discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements. Co-discovered elements with atomic numbers 94-102 of the periodic table (plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, and nobelium) These discoveries were made witht he aid of a cyclotron. |
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| Won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1954 for his research into the nature of the chemical bond. |
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| Devised a device for raising water, and discovered the principle concerning buoyancy. |
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| Demonstrated from the Leaning Tower of Pisa that bodies of different weights accelerat uniformly (1589). Discovered the law of the pendulum (1584). Formed the 3 laws of motion later stated by Isaac Newton. |
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| Conceived of the theory of universal gravitation. Formulated 3 laws of motion. Laid the foundation for the modern study of optics. |
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| Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit |
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| Invented first practical mercury thermometer (1714). Devised a scale in which melting point of ice is 32 degrees and the boiling point of water is 212 degrees. |
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| Developed the theory of the pressure of gases on the walls of a container. |
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| Developed a temperature scale which placed the boiling point at 0 degrees and a boiling point at 80 degrees. |
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| Determined the specific gravity of hydrogen (known as "inflammable air") and carbon dioxide (known as "fixed air"). Discovered hydrogen (1766). Demonstrated that water is a compound of oxygen and hydrogen. Showed that "common air" (the atmosphere) is 4/5ths nitrogen and 1/5th oxygen. |
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| Charles Augustin de Coulomb |
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| Formulated a law that states that the force of attraction between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. A unit for the quantity of electricity was named in his honor. |
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| Invented the voltaic pile, the electric battery (1800). An electromagnetic unit is named in his honor (1881). |
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| Developed principles of electromagnetism using electric currents (1820). A unit of intensity of an electric current is named in his honor. |
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| Discovered a law that the steady current through any portion of an electric current is directly proportional to the applied electromotive force. |
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| Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831). Formulated laws of electrolysis. A unit of capacitance and a unit of electricity were named in his honor. |
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| Discovered that the apparent change in the frequency of sound, light, or radio waves is caused by a change in the distance between the source of the wave and receiver. |
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| Jean Bernard Leon Foucault |
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| Demonstrated the rotation of the Earth with a pendulum (1851) and built the first gyroscope (1852). Proved that the velocity of light is greater in the air than in the water. The eddy current is named after him. |
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| Discovered electromagnetic radio waves (1887). A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second is named in his honor. |
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| Discovered X-rays (1895), for which he was awarded in 1901 the first Nobel Prize for physics. |
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| Developed a counter with Ernest Rutherford (c. 1911). |
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| Developed the quantum theory of energy (1900), for which he won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. |
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| Won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1922 for his investigation of atomic structure and radiation. Founder of the modern quantum theory of matter and modern theory of atomic and molecular structure. |
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| Received the 1932 Nobel Prize for physics for his work in the development of quantum mechanics. Famous for his "uncertainty principle," which holds that the position and momentum of a subatomic particle cannot be precisely determined at the same time. This principle is also called the "principle of indeterminacy." |
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| Provided the basis for quantum theory using a mathematical formulation of wave mechanics, for which he shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Paul Dirac in 1933. |
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| Split the atom in nuclear fission (1934). Received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1938 for his discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons. Produced the first chain reaction, and helped develop the atomic bomb in the 1940s. |
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| Directed construction of the first atomic bomb (1943-1945) as part of the Manhattan Project. Known as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb." |
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| Developed the hydrogen bomb (1952). Worked on the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb. Known as the "Father of the Hydrogen Bomb." |
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| Won (with Julian S Schwinger and Sin-itiro Tomonaga) the Nobel Prize for physics in 1965 for research in quantum electrodynamics. |
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