Term
| What are the common non-infecitous causes of pregnancy loss in mares? |
|
Definition
-twin pregnancies
-uterine torsion
-umbilical cord compromise
-placental abnormalitis
-environmental factors |
|
|
Term
| Why do twin pregnancies cause abortion in mares? |
|
Definition
| -death of one or both twins from lack of placental nutrient exchange, common to occur around 9 months gestation |
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Term
| What do we always check for with a mare with premature udder development? |
|
Definition
| -scanned transabdominally thoroughly looking for two heartbeats |
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Term
| When during gestation do most uterine torsions occur? When are they identified? |
|
Definition
-8-11 months gestation
-identified at time of foaling |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of uterine torsion? |
|
Definition
-unresolving colic
-chronic low grade to moderate grade pain |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose uterine torsion? |
|
Definition
| -palpation per rectum: diagonally misdirected broad ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Which direction is most common with uterine torsions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal length of an equine umbilical cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can go wrong regarding the umbilical cord? |
|
Definition
-vascular occlusion: fetus can have distended abdomen or elongated naval stalk, vascular wall tears or hemorrhages in cord, local edema at amnion
-urachal obstruction: possible bladder rupture |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause abortion in the case of body pregnancies? |
|
Definition
| -lack of nutrient exchagne |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of hydrops allantois? |
|
Definition
| -fetal membrane abnormality |
|
|
Term
| What issues do spiny caterpillars cause? Expound. |
|
Definition
-mare reproductive loss syndrome
-flocculent material in fetal fluids
0inflammation of umbilical cord and amnion, pneumonia, fetal septicemia |
|
|
Term
| What repro issues does fescue toxicosis cause in the mare? |
|
Definition
-prolonged gestation lengths
-thickened placentas
-weak and dysmature foals
-agalactia
-foal and mare mortality
-separation of chorion from endometrium during last 6 months
-inc early embryonic death |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible bacterial causes of pregnancy loss in horses? |
|
Definition
-Strep zooepidemicus
-E. coli
-P. aeruginosa
-Nocardioform |
|
|
Term
| Where is nocardioform identified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria cause pregnancy loss? |
|
Definition
| -leads to placentitis and subsequent pregnancy loss and septic foal |
|
|
Term
| What is ascending placentitis? HOw do mares present? When during gestatin does it occur? |
|
Definition
-site of bacterial inoculation occurs through vulva and at level of cervix
-mares present with premature udder development and/or vaginal discharge
-b/n 5-10m |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose ascending placentitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the chorioallantois |
|
|
Term
| What causes horn base placentitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat placentitis? |
|
Definition
| -broad spectrum antibiotics, anti-inflamamtories, tocolytic drugs (dec uterine contractions resulting from inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major fungal causes of pregnancy loss in the mare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fungal causes of pregnancy loss in the mare? |
|
Definition
-Aspergillus fumigatus
-Mucor sp
-foal receives inadequate nutrition
-organism may eventually infect the fetus, causing lesions on the liver and lungs |
|
|
Term
| How is EHV-1 transmitteD? |
|
Definition
| -respiratory route, aborted fetuses or fluids |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation of EHV-1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does EHV-1 cause abortion? |
|
Definition
-transplacental transmission during the final trimester of pregnancy
-endometrial vascular damage: thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| What happens if a pregnant mare is infected with EHV-1 close to term? |
|
Definition
| -diseased and compromised foal may be born with viral pneumonitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -resp route or venereal route (stallions can be carriers!) |
|
|
Term
| How does EVA symptomatically differ from EHV-1? |
|
Definition
| -mare gets symptoms before aboriton |
|
|
Term
| What are the pre-abortion symptoms in the mare with EVA? |
|
Definition
| -fever, limb edema, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, serous nasal discharge |
|
|
Term
| How is EVA distributed in the body? |
|
Definition
| -distributed to vascular endothelium and myocytes of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| When does abortion occur in the mare with eVA? |
|
Definition
| -within 2-14 days of onset |
|
|
Term
| When during gestation does the greatest EVA abortions occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose uterine infections? |
|
Definition
| -cytology brush/swab and culture |
|
|
Term
| What causes bacterial endometritis? |
|
Definition
-failure of uterine defence mechanisms
-failure of vulva, vestibule, cervix
-breeding is a source of uterine contamination |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the etiologies behind bacterial endometritis? |
|
Definition
-beta-hemolytic Streps
--E. coli
-Staph
-Klebsiella
-Pseudomonas
-Corynebacteria
-T. equigenitallis |
|
|
Term
| What is special about T. equigenitalis as an agent of Contagious Equine Metritis? How is it transmitted? Clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-highly resistant
-venerally transmitted
-endometritis, vaginal discharge, devastating effect on fertility |
|
|
Term
| Do outbreaks or individual cases tend to occur with Contagious Equine Metritis due to T. equigenitalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may lead to fungal endometritis? What is seen on endometrial cytology? |
|
Definition
-history of repeated antibiotic usage
-active or chronic-active inflammatory pattern
-candida, mucor, aspergillis, etc |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we treat endometritis? |
|
Definition
-uterine lavage until fluid is clear
-Intrauterine antibiotics: induction of drug resistance, secondary bacterial or yeast oergorwth, lcoally irritating
-Systemic: ease of administration, may be decreased expense |
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