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non science majors
Marquette
77
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/04/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Paradigm
Definition
a conceptual structure
Term
Crisis of the model
Definition
verified data do not fit the model
Term
Paradigm shift
Definition
Change the model to fit the data like a geocentric model
Term
Germ theory of disease Before change
Definition
illness and death are associated with personal quality
Term
Germ theory of disease after the change
Definition
diseases like tuberculosis are caused by infectious agents (aka germs)
Term
Peptic Ulcers are caused by bacterial infection Before change
Definition
treat with antacids
Term
Peptic Ulcers are caused by bacterial infection after change
Definition
treat with antibiotics
Term
apoptosis
Definition
the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development. Also called programmed cell death .
Term
cancer before the change
Definition
Before change – some cancers respond to treatment, some don’t
Term
cancer after the change
Definition
non-responsive cancers have their pathway of apoptosis blocked
Term
Paradigm change
Definition
Begin with a model that explains an event or set of events
Add new information
Recognize conflicts between new data and current model
Assess data for accuracy
Assess model for accuracy
Crisis of the model – verified data do not fit the model
Paradigm shift – Change the model to fit the data
Term
Aggressiveness
Definition
The degree to which (or speed at which) a tumor grows and spreads.
Term
Anaplasia:
Definition
A lack of differentiation. Thus, an anaplastic cancer is highly undifferentiated and usually very aggressive.
Term
Benign
Definition
Noncancerous. Thus, a benign tumor is unable to spread to adjacent tissues or to metastasize.
Term
Carcinogen
Definition
An agent that causes cancer.
Term
Carcinoma-in-situ
Definition
Cancerous cells that are still contained within the tissue where they have started to grow and that have not yet become invasive or spread to other parts of the body.
Term
Cure:
Definition
Complete elimination of the cancer with the result that the specific cancer will not grow bac
Term
Differentiation
Definition
The extent to which the cancerous cells resemble normal cells—less resemblance means the cancer is less differentiated and more aggressive.
Term
Invasion:
Definition
The capacity of a cancer to infiltrate and destroy surrounding tissue.
Term
Malignant
Definition
Cancerous
Term
Metastasis:
Definition
Cancerous cells that have spread to a completely new location
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
General term for a tumor, whether cancerous or noncancerous.
Term
Recurrence
Definition
(relapse): Cancerous cells return after treatment, either in the primary location or as metastases (spread).
Term
Remission
Definition
Absence of all evidence of a cancer after treatment.
Term
Survival rate
Definition
The percentage of people who survive for a given time period after treatment (for example, the 5-year survival rate is the percentage of people who survive 5 years).
Term
Tumor
Definition
An abnormal growth or mass.
Term
Types of cancer
Definition
Lymphoma and Leukemia,Sarcoma,Carcinoma
Term
Lymphoma and Leukemia –
Definition
cancer of blood cells and cells of the immune system
Term
Sarcoma
Definition
cancer of cells of mesoderm origin that form muscles and connective tissue. Examples are smooth muscle of the digestive tract and bone cancer
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
cancer of epithelial cells that cover body surfaces and glands. Examples are skin, lung, prostate, breast.
Term
Development and Spread of cancer
Definition
Cancerous cells develop from healthy cells in a complex process called malignant transformation.
Term
Initiation
Definition
the first changes of genetic material (DNA) inside of a cell
Term
Carcinogen
Definition
chemical that alters DNA
Term
Promotion
Definition
enhance the ability of a cell with altered DNA to become cancerous
Term
Promoters
Definition
have no effect on normal cells with normal DNA
Term
Spread
Definition
movement of cancerous cells to other areas of the body.
Term
Symptoms of Cancer
Definition
Pain
Bleeding
Weight Loss and Fatigue
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Depression
Neurologic and Muscular Symptoms
Respiratory Symptoms
Term
Diagnosis
Definition
Screening
To detect the possibility of a cancer
Comparatively inexpensive
Results must be confirmed or disproved with diagnostic testing
Term
Common screens
Definition
Pap, Mammogram, rectal exam, colonoscopy
Term
Pap
Definition
Cervical cancer
Term
mammogram
Definition
breast cancer
Term
Rectal exam
Definition
prostate cancer
Term
Colonoscopy
Definition
Colon Cancer
Term
Imaging
Definition
x ray, tomography, ultrasound, MRI
Term
Biopsy
Definition
Invasive
Collect a small amount of suspected cancerous tissue
Analyze tissue for cancer cells by microscopic examination and molecular examination.
Term
Treatment of Cancer
Definition
Surgery, Radiation Therapy, Chemotherapy
Term
Other forms of treatment of cancer
Definition
Immunotherapy, Combination Therapy, Alternative
Term
Surgery
Definition
Physical removal of a tumor
Effective if the cancer has not spread to a lymph node
If tumor has metastasized, surgery might be used to reduce the size of the tumor
Some cancers are not accessible for surgery, so radiation and/or chemotherapy would be used.
Term
Radiation Therapy
Definition
Radiation kills cells that divide rapidly (cancer cells
Some types of cancer are not effectively killed by radiation
Different forms of radiation treatment
Beam of energy
Radioactive molecules are injected
Radioactive molecules are implanted
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
Using drugs that preferentially kill cancer cells
Using drugs to prevent tumor growth by preventing new blood vessel growth (aka angiogenesis)
Side effects – these drugs are lethal to cancer cells because they are toxic, thus they are toxic to non-cancer cells.
Nausea, vomiting
Infections
Hair loss
Increased risk of other cancers
Term
Measures known to reduce the risk of cancer:
Definition
Avoiding smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke
Avoiding occupational carcinogens (for example, asbestos)
Avoiding prolonged exposure to sunlight without sunscreen protection
Avoiding excessive alcohol intake
Avoiding use of hormone therapy (for example, estrogen and progesterone for symptoms of menopause
Term
Measures that may reduce the risk of cancer:
Definition
Limiting intake of high-fat foods, particularly from animal sources (for example, high-fat meats and whole-fat dairy products)
Increasing intake of fruits and vegetables
Being physically active
Keeping weight below the obese level
Term
Immune system recognition
Definition
identify foreign proteins (non-self proteins). Your immune system recognizes all of the proteins in your own body.
Term
Immune system Activation and Mobilization –
Definition
white blood cells are like watch dogs: they do almost nothing until they see/smell something they don’t recognize.
Then they become “activated”
Term
Immune system Regulation
Definition
the aggressive immune response is controlled to destroy invading pathogens and minimize harm to the body.
Term
Immune system Resolution
Definition
activated cells are either destroyed (by apoptosis) or turned off (to become memory cells).
Term
Innate Immunity White Blood Cells
Definition
Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Natural killer cells.
Term
Monocytes
Definition
which develop into macrophages) - phagocytes
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
A white blood cell that ingests and kills bacteria and other foreign cells.
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
A white blood cell that kills bacteria, that kills other foreign cells too big to ingest, that may help immobilize and kill parasites, that participates in allergic reactions, and that helps destroy cancer cells.
Term
Basophils
Definition
A white blood cell that releases histamine (a substance involved in allergic reactions) and that produces substances to attract other white blood cells (neutrophils and eosinophils) to a trouble spot.
Term
Natural killer cells
Definition
destroys cells of the body that have been infected
Term
Acquired Immunity
Definition
Lymphocytes, B and T, Antibodies, specific for a pathogen
Term
Allergies symptoms
Definition
Itchy eyes
Runny nose
Itchy skin
Sneezing
Some rashes
Term
Allergies Diagnosis
Definition
Medical history – doctor asks questions
Blood test – measure the concentration of eosinophils in the blood
Skin test (aka “scratch test”)
Term
Allergies treatment
Definition
Antihistamine – drugs that prevent the release of histamine. These drugs relieve minor allergy symptoms.
Histamine is a chemical released by mast cells in the presence of the allergen.
Term
Antibody (immunoglobulin
Definition
A protein that is produced by B cells and that interacts with a specific antigen.
Term
Antigen
Definition
Any substance that the immune system recognizes and that can stimulate an immune response.
Term
B cell (B lymphocyte)
Definition
A white blood cell that produces antibodies specific to the antigen that stimulated their production.
Term
Cell
Definition
The smallest unit of a living organism, composed of a nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane.
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
the process of using a chemical substance to attract cells to a particular site.
Term
Cytokines
Definition
Proteins secreted by cells that act as the immune system's messengers and that help regulate an immune response.
Term
Dendritic cell:
Definition
A cell that is derived from white blood cells, resides in tissues, and helps T cells recognize foreign antigens.
Term
Proteins
Definition
Movement and transport
Signaling
Enzymes – catalyze chemical reactions
Provide structure
Contraction
Defensive actions
Storage
Term
Microorganism types
Definition
Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Parasites
Term
Resident Flora
Definition
Bacteria and fungus that live (colonize) on body surface
Term
Cholera
Definition
is a serious infection of the intestine that is caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and that causes severe diarrhea.
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