Term
| what is a stress echocardiography test used for? |
|
Definition
| detect ischemic myocardium and viable myocardium |
|
|
Term
| name the methods used to induce stress during echocardiography? |
|
Definition
| exercise, pacing, dobutamine infusion, vasodilaors and vasoconstrictors |
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|
Term
| what are the indications for performing a stress test? |
|
Definition
evaluate chest pain and dyspnea
evaluate arrhythmias
MI risk assessment
rehab evaluation
post angioplasy evaluation |
|
|
Term
| name 6 absolute contraindications for stress testing |
|
Definition
acute MI
acute myo- or pericarditis
unstable angina
uncontrolled CHF
arotic stenosis
uncontrolled arrhytmias |
|
|
Term
| relative oontraindications for stress testing |
|
Definition
idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis w/ outflow obstruction
Severe HTN (may cause stroke)
physical limitations
acute noncardiac illnesses |
|
|
Term
| at what point to you stop the stress testing? |
|
Definition
target reached
severe HTN
dropping BP
arrhythmias
heart block
fatigue
angina |
|
|
Term
| how do you interpret the results of a stress test? |
|
Definition
| if ST is depressed 1 mm or more -> indicates disease. Women have higher false positives |
|
|
Term
| what factors can cause false positive stress tests? |
|
Definition
women
electrolyte imbalances
autonomic dystonia
respiratory variation
LV aneurysm
Early repolarization (normal)
Drugs (digoxin) |
|
|
Term
| what things can give you false negagives in a stress test? |
|
Definition
women, poor exercise tolerance
NITRATE OR BETA BLOCKER THERAPY
antiarrhythmic drugs |
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|
Term
| when would you choose to do nuclear medicine cardiac imaging over stress testing? |
|
Definition
asses quantity of ischemia, if pt is unable to exercise and asses RV and LV function.
Also has increase sensitivity and specificity compared to stress test |
|
|
Term
| what do you call an area that does not take up the tracer and what does it indicate? |
|
Definition
| cold spot. indicates scar or ischemia |
|
|
Term
| describe the features of a holter monitor |
|
Definition
| records all beats over 24 hours. detects arrhythmias and ischemia. but is useful only if symptoms are frequent |
|
|
Term
| describe the features of an event monitor |
|
Definition
| records only when activated. used for 30 days and intermittent symptoms. Not useful for syncope |
|
|
Term
| describe the features of a continuous loop monitor? |
|
Definition
worn externally for 30 days, records only when activated and has memory that can record previous time so it is used for syncope
may be implanted under the skin |
|
|
Term
| features of CT Angiography |
|
Definition
reconstructs cardiac structure and if has contrast the epicardial vessels too.
determins coronary calcification and thus correlates well with coronary events
not used for determining flow limitations |
|
|
Term
| what are the features of a cardiac MRI? |
|
Definition
| excellent reconstruction of all cardiac features in 3d. w/ contrast identifies ischemic/injured myocardium, identifies structureal anomales but less effective in visualizing coronarys. |
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