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Longest unbranched carbon chain or ring
1C = METH
2C = ETH
3C = PROP
4C = BUT
5C = PENT
6C = HEX |
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| E.g alkanes - no double bonds |
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| E.g alkenes - one or double bond |
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| Triple bond - e.g alkynes |
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| Often called R or R' if there is more than one |
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| Commas between numbers and hyphen between words and numbers |
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| Compounds with the same molecular formular but different structural formular |
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Different functional groups
Funtional groups attatched to the main chain at different points
OR they have a different arrangement of carbon atomes in the molecule |
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Two or more compounds have the same structural formula but they differ in the arrangement of the bonds
There are two tyeps; E-Z isomerism and optical isomerism |
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Position of substituents at either side of a carbon molecule. If they are on the same side then Z (cis) if on opposite side then E (trans)
only in double bonds, because substitutes joined by a single bond can rotate but there is no rotation around a double bond -so E/Z are seperate compounds |
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| Four different substituients attastched to one carbon atom; the tow isomers are mirror images of one another but not identical becasue they can't be superimposed on one another |
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WHAT DO OPTICAL ISOMERS DO? |
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| They differ in the way they rotate the plane of polarisation of polarised light. Either clockwise or anticlockwise |
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| Optical isomers are said to be chiral. The carbon that is bonded to 4 different groups is called the chiral carbon |
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OPTICAL ISOMERS STRUCTURES |
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| Light passed through a polaroid, all vibrations are cut out except theose in one plane so it's vertically polarised. effected differently by different optical isomers |
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| Rotates the plane of polarised light clockwise |
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| ROTATES THE PLANE OF POLARISED LIGHT ANTICLOCKWISE |
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| 50:50 Mixture of two optical isomers. Therefore the mixture is not optically active becasuet the effects cancel each other out |
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WHEN A CARBON CHAIN NEEDS TO BE LENGTHENED |
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| A nitrile group is added. This nitrile group will then be coverted into a carboxylic acid group by hydrolysis |
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| Only one optical isomer is made. Because most naturally occuring molecules are formed by enzyme catalysts. The can only produce one of the possible optical isomer |
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OPTICAL ISOMERS AND DRUGS |
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Some drugs require only one optical isomer
Others can deal with racemic mixtures
Drugs work by the active ingredient fitting the cell receptor. Receptors are 3D so only one pair of optical isomers will fit. Some cases one is active and the other is inactive, other times one is dangerous e.g. thalidomide |
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Seperate the two isomers
Sell the mixture as a drug (only if one is inactive, it's wasteful though as half won't work)
Design alternative synthesis of the drug that makes only the isomer that works |
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