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Definition
| LInear structures that contain DNA |
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Definition
| Threads of chromosomes containing DNA wrapped around protein. |
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Definition
| Spools that DNA is round around |
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Definition
| A pair of the the same numbered chromosome. IE chromosome 16. |
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Definition
| AFter the replication of DNA in the S phase: 2 replicas of a single chromosome held togetehr by a centromere. Seperated in anaphase. |
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Definition
| The 22 chromosomes in the male and female human that perfectly matched |
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Definition
XX in females, XY in males. Determine sex. 23rd chromosome. |
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Definition
| One set of chromosomes from the 2. 23 chromosomes. ONe haploid set from the mother and one from the father. |
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Definition
| The complete set of chromosomes an individual has from both parents. 46 chromes in total. |
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Term
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Definition
| Four sets of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| The chromosome array an individual possesses. |
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Definition
| Where the chromosomes are tightly coiled in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. |
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Definition
| A spindle apparatus composed of microtubules that is vital in arranging the chromosomes during mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein disks attached to the centromere that attach the sister chromatids to the mitotic spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
Connectors between the two sister chromatids during mitosis (prophase and metaphase) that are broken down during anaphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| G1, S, G2. The life cycle of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary growth phase of the cell. Doing work, having fun, ripping shit up. Typical g1 phase. |
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Definition
| Where the DNA is replicated in the cell. |
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Definition
| Second growing phase of the cell, prepartion for mitosos where organelles are replicated. |
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Definition
Chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle begins to form, kinetochores begin to mature, attach to spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sister chromatids align at the equator, chromosomes attach to mitotic spindle. Prep for anaphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the sister chromatids split, kinetochores shorten, sister chromatids go to opposite poles, pulled by mitotic spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Kinetochores disappear, chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane begins to form, beginning the split into 2 different cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Where the cell splits into 2 with = amounts of genetic material. "Cleaving" |
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Term
| Difference between animals and plants. |
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Definition
Animals, cleavage furrow splits the cells. Plants: Cell plate forms and divides the daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines whether the cell goes into the S phase. Influenced by external signals, growth factors, nutritional state of the cell, size of the cell. Started by a large accumulation of S-phase cyclin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines whether cell goes to metaphase. Analyzes DNA integrity. Influenced by MPF |
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Term
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Definition
| Metaphase promoting factor. Comosed of a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) that's controlled by inhibitory phosphorylation of cdc2. "Removes inhibitor phosphates which then starts metaphase." Activity: analyzes if DNA is damaged, if it is, adds inhibitory kinases to the enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anaphase promoting complex. Activity: seperates the sister chromatids by removing the inhibitors of a protease that destroys the cohesin complex allowing the sis tits to seperate. this is called proteolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that stimulate cell division by binding to a membrane receptor and starting a reaction cascade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Platelet-derived growth factor. Example of a growth factor, overrides cellular controls that inhibits cell division. Triggers cells to divide, healing wounds. |
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Definition
| The unrestrained growth of cells. General defect: a failure of cellular control. A defect in p53 |
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Definition
| Tumor suppressor gene that becomes a protein that momitors DNA, making sure it's good, if not the cell goes to apoptosis. |
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Definition
| Positive regulators of the cell cycle that turn cell "on" for replication. |
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Term
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Definition
Sex cells. Sperm in males, egg in females. |
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Definition
| Process of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is halved during gamete formation. Begins with fertilization. |
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Definition
| Egg meeting sperm, 46 chromosomes, to make a zygote. "Little baby." |
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Term
| Essence of meisosis vs. mitosis |
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Definition
| One replication, 2 divisions = 4 seperate cells with equal amount of data. Crossing over of DNA in prophase during tetrad formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes condense, synapsis occurs: crossing over of DNA forming chiasmata. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairs of homologous chromes align at the equator. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologs seperate (synapsis ceases) but the sister chromatids do not seperate, remain joined. |
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Term
| Telaphase 1 and cytokinesis |
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Definition
| Spindle dissapears, nuclei reform, cell division occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
Exactly the same as mitosis but this time there are 2 cells in the beginning with 2 chromosomes each which seperate into 4 cells altogether. No S phase at start. |
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Term
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Definition
Character: inherited feature. Example: flower color. Trait: Variants of an inherited character: ie flower color of red or purple or white. |
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