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| Population of people living in the same geographic area who share a culture and a common identity, and whose members fall under the same political authority |
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| _______ ______ is acquired at birth or taken on involuntarily. |
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| Set of rights, obligations, behaviors, and duties associated with a particular status |
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| When the demands of one expected role clashes with the demands of another expected role |
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| set of people who interact (more or less) regularly and are conscious of their identity as a unit (families, clubs, sports teams, etc.). |
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| Together over a relatively long period; members have direct contact with and feel emotional attachment to one another. |
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| Large, complex network of positions, created for a specific purpose and characterized by a hierarchical division of labor |
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Stable set of roles, statuses, groups, and organizations that provides a foundation for behavior in some major area of social life
Examples: education, family, politics, religion, health care, or the economy |
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| Shared beliefs, values, behaviors and material objects among members of a group or society. Tells us what to expect from others and what others should expect from us. |
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| standard of judgment by which people decide on desirable goals and outcomes. |
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| culturally defined “rules” of conduct; expectations for behavior. |
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: focus on social institutions and how society influences the individual.
: focus is on interactions between individuals, how societal characteristics reflect the perceptions of individuals. |
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Macro-level: focus on social institutions and how society influences the individual.
Micro-level: focus is on interactions between individuals, how societal characteristics reflect the perceptions of individuals. |
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| material and non-material |
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| Social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm. |
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| Highly codified, formal, systematized norms that bring severe punishment when violated. |
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| Informal norms that are mildly punished when violated |
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| the principle that people’s beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture. |
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the tendency to evaluate other cultures using one’s own culture as a standard
Examples?
_______________ is encouraged by institutional ritual and symbolism. |
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| What is considered to be “true” or “reality” will change from one culture to the next, and from one historical period to the next. |
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Explains culture as a complex strategy for meeting human needs.
Helps us understand unfamiliar ways of life.
Strength: shows how culture operates to meet human needs
Weakness: ignores cultural diversity |
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Term
Conflict Theory
Conflict Analysis |
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Definition
Culture is shaped by a society’s system of economic production…rooted in materialism.
This approach suggests that systems do not address human needs equally. |
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Emphasizes how individuals conform to cultural patterns.
How do people create new patterns in their everyday lives? |
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Term
| “Top-down”/”bottom-up” socialization |
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Definition
A society influences its members through certain identifiable structural features and historical circumstances (top-down effect).
BUT also…
Each individual has a role in forming a society and influencing the course of its history (bottom-up). |
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| Social construction of reality |
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Definition
The process through which members of a society discover, make known, reaffirm, and alter a collective version of facts, knowledge, and “truth.”
Economy
How does wealth impact an individual or group’s ability to construct reality?
Law/Politics
How does the law construct reality?
Media
What is the latest “crime wave” to occur over the past several months? |
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Term
| Conflict perspective on the social construction of reality. |
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Definition
Certain groups or people are more influential in defining reality than others.
Reality is often based on the interests of powerful people, groups, organizations and institutions. An important question to ask is “whose voice is being silenced?” |
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Definition
Any named social position that people can occupy (e.g. mother, student, electrician)
_____ can be ascribed or achieved. |
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| ______ _______ is a social position entered based on personal accomplishments. |
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| Situations involving incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status |
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| Relatively impersonal collection of individuals that is established to perform a specific task. |
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Values, behaviors and physical artifacts of a group that distinguish it from the larger culture
Culture within a culture (e.g. teenagers, gangs, college students) |
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| Transnational media, global communication, transportation systems, and centuries of international migration have made the concept of “cultural purity” all but obsolete. |
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