Term
|
Definition
| spiral ganglion (cochlea)--ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei--ventral and dorsal acoustic stria (trapezoid body)--lateral lemniscus (bilaterally projected)--inferior colliculi--brachium of the inferior colliculus--medial geniculate nucleus--auditory radiation--primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri of Heschl) |
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Term
| two important ways in which the auditory pathways are unlike other ascending sensory pathways |
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Definition
1-presence and intimacy of accessory nuclei
2-bilateral representation of auditory impulses on each side |
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Term
| three groups of nuclei associated with the auditory pathway |
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Definition
1-superior olivary nucleus
2-nuclei of the trapezoid body
3-nuclei of the lateral lemniscus |
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Term
| two major functions of the vestibular system |
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Definition
1-keep head and body lined up
2-keeps eyes fixed on a target during brief movements |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive vestibular stimulation or imbalance between input from left and right sides |
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Term
|
Definition
| eyes turn opposite the direction of head rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
| optic nerve--optic chiasm--optic tract--lateral geniculate nucleus--optic radiations--visual cortex |
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Term
|
Definition
| facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves--solitary tract--solitary nucleus--gustatory tract (near medial lemniscus)--ventral posteromedial nucleus--gustatory radiation--parietal operculum |
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Term
|
Definition
| olfactory bulb--olfactory tract--lateral olfactory stria--amygdala--1)medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus & 2)parahippocampal gyrus (then through uncinate fasciculus)--posterolateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex |
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Term
| 3 limbic associated structures |
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Definition
| amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| cingulate gyrus, septal area, parahippocampal gyrus |
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Term
|
Definition
| appropriate behavioral response |
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|
Term
| 3 nuclei of amygdala (medial to lateral) |
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Definition
| corticomedial nuclei, central nucleus, basolateral nuclei |
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Term
| corticomedial nuclei (of amygdala) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| central nucleus (of amygdala) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| basolateral nuclei (of amygdala) |
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Definition
| receive input from other senses |
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Term
| major functions of the hypothalamus |
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Definition
controls visceral activity
elicits phenomena associated with emotion
influences through nervous and circulatory systems
influences water balance, food intake, endocrine system, reproduction, sleep, behavior, and entire autonomic system |
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Term
|
Definition
| connects orbitofrontal cortex, accumbens nucleus, septal region, hypothalamus, brainstem reticular formation, and medial zone |
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Term
| parasympatheitc function of Edinger-Westphal nucleus and CN III |
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Definition
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|
Term
| parasympatheitc function of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and CN X |
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Definition
| slows heart, constricts airways, stimulates digestive system |
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|
Term
| parasympatheitc function of facial nerve (CN VII) |
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Definition
| stimulates salivation and tearing |
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Term
| parasympatheitc function of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| locus ceruleus (location, neurotransmitter it produces, and functions of that neurotransmitter) |
|
Definition
near fourth ventricle in pons
norepinephrine
sleep-wake cycle, mood and emotional behavior |
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|
Term
| raphe nuclei (location, neurotransmitter it produces, and functions of that neurotransmitter) |
|
Definition
on midline in brainstem
serotonin
arousal, sleep-wake cycle, attention, learning and memory, mood |
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|
Term
| basal nucleus of Meynert (location, neurotransmitter it produces, and functions of that neurotransmitter) |
|
Definition
beneath anterior commissure, lateral to hypothalamus
acetylcholine
modulate cortical excitability, memory and learning |
|
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Term
| substantia nigra (location, neurotransmitter it produces, and functions of that neurotransmitter) |
|
Definition
midbrain
dopamine
initiate and modulate movement |
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|
Term
| ventral tegmental area of the midbrain (location, neurotransmitter it produces, and functions of that neurotransmitter) |
|
Definition
between red nuclei, in midbrain
dopamine
reward and pleasure (motivation) |
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|
Term
| ascending reticular activating system |
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Definition
| sensory arousal of cerebral cortex (raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus, and ventral tegmental areas contribute), interruption by paramedian tegmental lesions results in a coma |
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Term
| dorsolateral fasciculus (tract of Lissauer) |
|
Definition
| projects fast pain and temperature ipsilaterally up and down a couple sections, for reflexes |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve |
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Term
| fast pain and temperature path |
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Definition
| dorsal root ganglion--dorsolateral fasciculus (tract of Lissauer)--decussate through ventral white commissure--spinothalamic tract (anterolateral system)--ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus--internal capsule (posterior limb)--primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| spinal tactile, vibration, and proprioception path |
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Definition
| gracile (lower limb) and cuneate (upper limb) tracts--gracile and cuneate nuclei--decussates through internal arcuate fibers at caudal medulla--dorsal column--medial lemniscus--ventral posterolateral nucleus--post limb of internal capsule--primary sensory cortex |
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Term
| trigeminal (face) touch path |
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Definition
| trigeminal ganglion--principal trigeminal nucleus--trigeminothalamic tract (always next to medial lemniscus, pons and above)--ventral posteromedial nuclues of the thalamus--post limb of internal capsule--primary sensory cortex |
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Term
| trigeminal (face) fast pain and temperature path |
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Definition
| trigeminal ganglion--spinal trigeminal nucleus--decussates through internal arcuate fibers--trigeminothalamic tract--ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus--post limb of internal capsule--primary sensory cortex |
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Term
| principal trigeminal nucleus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| spinal trigeminal nucleus |
|
Definition
| fast pain and temperature from face |
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|
Term
| middle cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Definition
| all output from posterior lobe, and some output from anterior lobe |
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|
Term
| inferior cerebellar peduncle |
|
Definition
| some output from anterior lobe; input to anterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe input and output |
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|
Term
| 3 pairs cerebellar nuclei |
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Definition
| dentate, interposed, fastigial |
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Term
| medial (or pontine) reticulospinal tract |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medial vestibulospinal tract (medial longitudinal fasciculus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| lateral (or medullary) reticulospinal tract |
|
Definition
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