Term
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Definition
| Includes all structures with the term thalamus in their names. |
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Term
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Definition
| receives information from the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and all sensory systems except olfactory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Other areas in the diencephalon are named for their locations relative to the ________________, not similarities of function. |
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Term
-Relay nuclei
-Association nuclei
-Nonspecific nuclei |
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Definition
| Individual thalamic nuclei are classified into three main functional groups: |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclei that regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclei that process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleo that convey information from the sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
Functions orchestrated by the __________________ include:
-Maintaining homeostasis
-Eating, reproductive, and defensive behaviors
-Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
-Regulation of circadian rhythms in concert with other brain regions
-Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs |
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Term
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Definition
| ______________ is believed to help regulate circadian rhythms and to influence the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, and the islets of Langerhans. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Major structure of the _______________ is the pineal gland. |
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Term
-Primary motor cortex
-Primary sensory cortex
-Secondary sensory cortex
-Motor planning areas
-Association cortex |
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Definition
| 5 categories of localized functions of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
-Projection
-Commissural
-Association |
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Definition
| Subcortical white matter fibers are classified into three categories: |
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Term
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Definition
| All ____________________ consists of myelinated axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connect homologous areas of the cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the largest group of commissural fibers, linking many areas of the right and left hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connect cortical regions within one hemisphere. |
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Term
short- adjacent gyri
long- lobes |
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Definition
| Short association fibers connect ____________, whereas the long association fibers connect _____________ within one hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Are vital for normal motor function. |
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Term
-Sustained attention
-Ability to change behavior as task requirements change
-Motivation |
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Definition
| Basal ganglia sequence movements, regulate muscle tone and muscle force, select and inhibit specific motor synergies, and are involved with these cognitive functions: |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional part of cerebral cortex that discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional part of cerebral cortex that provides descending control of motor output. |
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Term
| Secondary sensory cortex: |
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Definition
| Functional part of cerebral cortex that performs more complex analysis of sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional part of cerebral cortex that organizes movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional part of cerebral cortex that controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual information travels to the cortex via a pathway from the retina to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus, then to the ____________________________. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individual ____________ are specialized to distinguish between light and dark, various shapes, location of objects, and movement of objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the source of most neurons in the corticospinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
-Controls contralateral voluntary movements, particularly the fine movements of the hand and face.
-Much greater proportion of the total area of this is devoted to neurons that control these parts of the body than is devoted to the trunk and proximal limbs, where more gross motor activity is required. |
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Term
-Supplementary motor area
-Premotor area
-Broca’s area |
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Definition
| Cortex anterior to the primary motor cortex consists of three areas: |
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Term
| Supplementary motor area: |
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Definition
| Motor planning area that is important for the initiation of movement, orientation of the eyes and head, and planning bimanual and sequential movements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Motor planning area that controls trunk and girdle muscles via the medial upper motor neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor planning area that is responsible for planning movements of the mouth during speech and the grammatical aspects of language. |
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Term
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex |
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Definition
| Functions of this cortex include self-awareness and executive functions |
|
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Term
-Deciding on a goal
-Planning how to accomplish the goal
-Executing a plan
-Monitoring the execution of the plan |
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Definition
| Executive functions of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex include: |
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Term
| Parietotemporal association areas (or cortex) |
|
Definition
-Cognitive intelligence is primarily a function of the...
-Problem-solving and comprehension of communication and of spatial relationships occur here.
-Spatial coordination system of this area is essential for constructing an image of one’s own body and for planning movements. |
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Term
| Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal Association Cortex |
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Definition
| -Is involved in impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings. |
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Term
| Ventral prefrontal association area |
|
Definition
| connects with areas that regulate mood (subjective feelings) and affect (observable demeanor) |
|
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Term
| Medial dorsal prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| perceives other’s emotions and makes assumptions about what other people believe and their intentions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a short-term subjective experience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is a sustained, subjective, ongoing emotional experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual’s reaction to experiences can disrupt homeostasis, which is called a _________________. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thoughts and emotions influence the functions of all... |
|
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Term
-immune system cells
-neuroendocrine system |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters and hormones regulated by the brain modulate ___________________, and cytokines regulate the ___________________________. |
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Term
-Working
-Declarative
-Procedural |
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Definition
| At least three different types of memory exist: |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of memory that is a temporary storage and manipulation of information |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of memory that is facts, events, concepts, and locations (Encoding, Processing, Retrieval) |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of memory that is knowledge of how to do actions and skills (tie your shoes, open your locker) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Comprehension of the spoken language occurs in the... |
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Term
|
Definition
in the left frontal lobe, provides instructions for language output.
-Instructions consist of planning the movements to produce speech and providing grammatical function words, such as the articles a, an, and the. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Is the interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms.
-Is an active process, requiring interaction among the brain, the body, and the environment.
-Involves memory of experiences, motivation, expectations, selection of sensory information, and active search for pertinent sensory information. |
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Term
-Body
-Body in relation to its surroundings
-External world |
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Definition
| The area corresponding to Wernicke’s area comprehends spatial relationships, providing schemas of the following (Wernicke’s is in dominant hemisphere): |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spatial perception area that is the mental representation of how the body is anatomically arranged. |
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Term
| Body in relation to its surroundings |
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Definition
| Spatial perception area that enables individuals to locate objects in space and to navigate accurately. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spatial perception area that is the ability to plan a route from one site to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of attention is ____________; information that is not attended to is not processed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| As tasks become more automatic, less __________ is required. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limits exist on the ability to switch attention from one task to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
lesions involving the relay nuclei interrupt ascending pathways, severely compromising or eliminating contralateral sensation
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Term
| Subcortical white matter lesion |
|
Definition
•Occlusion or hemorrhage of arteries supplying the internal capsule is common.
Because the internal capsule is composed of many projection axons, even a small lesion may have severe consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
Lesions or dysfunctions of the caudate rarely cause motor disorders.
Apathy, with a loss of initiative, spontaneous thought, and emotional responses, is the most common behavioral abnormality secondary to caudate damage.
Excessive activity of the circuit connecting the caudate, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral prefrontal cortex is correlated with obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is the general term for the inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact. Associated with Temporal lobe function |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation |
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Term
|
Definition
– inability to visually recognize objects, despite having intact vision |
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Term
|
Definition
Destruction of the secondary auditory cortex spares the ability to perceive sound but deprives the person of recognition of sounds |
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Term
|
Definition
can be considered motor agnosia; the knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost.
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Term
|
Definition
The person is unable to perform a movement or sequence of movements, despite intact sensation, normal muscle strength and coordination, and an understanding of the task.
–Example: brushing one’s teeth with a dry toothbrush then putting toothpaste on the brush |
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Term
|
Definition
speech disorder resulting from spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
•Is caused by damage to the upper motor neurons.
•Is characterized by harsh, awkward speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
•Is caused by damage to the lower motor neurons.
•Is characterized by paresis of speech muscles. |
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Term
|
Definition
–Role in language- specifically the interpretation and expression of aural and written words
–Specialized for the interpretation of the concrete meaning of words. Example: the literal meaning of words NOT abstract
–Controls concrete functions that can be observed and measured
–Concrete meaning of spoken or written words
–Math
–Writing the alphabet
–Reading
–Categorizing shapes
–Sequencing steps in an ADL task (cooking) |
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Term
|
Definition
–Role in the interpretation of perception- how we perceive the environment
–Interpretation of information that is abstract and creative (opposite of concrete and logical)
–Controls abstract functions that cannot be easily observed
–Role in language- interpretation of abstract or symbolic meanings
–Similarly responsible for interpreting verbal tone, gestures, understanding the meaning behind the words
–Perception |
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Term
Wernike and Broka aphasia
Contralateral motor and sensory problems
Acalculia
Agraphia
Alexia |
|
Definition
| What are the 5 Left hemisphere disorders? |
|
|
Term
Impairment in recogniti9on of physical reality
Distortion of physical reality- can distort the environment and or one’s own body
Perception disorders |
|
Definition
| What are the 3 Right hemisphere disorders? |
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Term
|
Definition
Occurs when other areas of the brain assume the functions once mediated or controlled by regions that are damaged
Appears that we have a vast amount of brain matter that does not activate until damage occurs.
Brain functions may be shared- some may lie dormant until injury or disease is present
Research has shown that damage to regions of the homunculus can result in the “ appropriation” of cortical areas by adjacent regions.
most viable in children- still developing neuro system |
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Term
|
Definition
Dependent on the severity of damage
Age
Premorbid considerations
Preinjury use |
|
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Term
|
Definition
–Part of the diencephalon
–Major relay and processing center for a variety of sensory and motor functions
–2 lobes- one in each hemisphere
–Almost every major structure for sensory and motor data has connections with the this part of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
Central post- stroke pain
Results from vascular insufficiency or CVA that damages adjacent areas or the thalamus- alteration of sensory perception
Either hyper or hypo sensitive- particularly to pain or noxious stim
Initially patients experience loss of sensation and tingling- several weeks later can develop burning, agonizing pain |
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Term
|
Definition
–Lesion to the ventrolateral nucleus (in thalamus) destroys communication with the primary motor area.
Result: ?
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Term
|
Definition
Phylogenetically the old part of the brain- controls vegetative functions
Primitive stero-typed reflexes
Cough and gag
Pupillary
Swallowing reflex
Controls the reticular formation |
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Term
|
Definition
Cranial nerve nuclei damage
Cranial nerve nuclei are located in brain stem
Innervate ipsilateral body structures
Disorders depend on which cranial nerve nuclei have been lost |
|
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Term
|
Definition
–Spinal Cord tract Damage in ?
–Descending and Ascending tracts travel through the brain stems- mediate motor and sensory functions of structures on the contralateral side
–When spinal cord tracts are lost due to damage of this part of the brain- hemiplegia and hemiparesthsia on the contralateral side are the result |
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Term
|
Definition
Severe damage results in altered consciousness
Think about the different levels of consciousness from unit 3
Coma, vegetative state etc. |
|
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system |
|
Definition
| ______________________________ regulates the extracellular milieu and protects the central nervous system (CNS). |
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Term
| Primarily in the ventricles |
|
Definition
| Where is the cerebrospinal fluid system found (where it is made)? |
|
|
Term
-Superficial
--Drain cortex and the adjacent white matter, then empty into the superior sagittal sinus or one of the sinuses around the inferior cerebrum.
-Deep
--Drain the basal ganglia, diencephalon, and nearby white matter, then empty into the straight sinus. |
|
Definition
| Two sets of veins that drain the cerebrum: |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Major venous system of the brain consists of cerebral veins.
-Veins drain into _______________ and the internal jugular vein. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Loss of _______________in a specific area correlates with a specific loss of function. |
|
|
Term
1.) Transient ischemic attack
2.) Completed stroke
3.) Progressive stroke |
|
Definition
| Disorders of vascular supply are classified according to both the pattern of progression and cause: |
|
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Term
| Transient ischemic attack: |
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Definition
| brief, focal loss of brain function with a full recovery from neurologic deficits within 24 hours |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| neurologic deficits from vascular disorders that persist more than 1 day and are stable |
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Term
|
Definition
| deficits that increase intermittently over time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cerebrovascular accident” is synonymous with _________. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Occurs when an embolus or thrombus lodges in a vessel, obstructing the blood flow.
-Typically, an embolus abruptly deprives an area of blood, resulting in an almost immediate onset of deficits.
-Obstructions of blood flow in small, deep arteries result in lacunar infarcts.
-Slow occlusion of an artery has a different outcome than an abrupt occlusion. |
|
|
Term
F= Face drooping
A= Arm Weakness
S= Speech difficulty
T= TIME- summon EMS w 911 immediately |
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Definition
| F.A.S.T. for recognizing stroke stands for: |
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Term
|
Definition
-Downstream vessels are deprived of blood, and the extravascular blood exerts pressure on the surrounding brain.
-Generally, this type results in the worst deficits within hours of onset, but then improvement occurs as the edema decreases and extravascular blood is removed. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Usually causes sudden, excruciating headache with a brief (a few minutes) loss of consciousness.
-Initial findings often are not focal.
-Deficits are progressive because of the continued bleeding or secondary hydrocephalus.
-Vasospasm and infarction are common sequelae. |
|
|
Term
| vertebral artery dissection |
|
Definition
| Chief symptom of ________________________ is pain, usually in the posterior neck or occiput and spreading to the shoulders. |
|
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Term
| Vertebrobasilar artery ischemia: |
|
Definition
| The most common signs of _____________________ are gait and limb ataxia, limb weakness, oculomotor palsies, and oropharyngeal dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
| acute cerebellar infarction |
|
Definition
| Most common symptoms in ______________________________ are dizziness and/or vertigo, an inability to sit upright without support, difficulty walking, nausea and vomiting, dysarthria, and headache. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Complete occlusion of the ______________________ causes death as a result of ischemia of brainstem nuclei and tracts that control vital functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Partial occlusions of the __________________________ can cause tetraplegia, loss of sensation, coma, and cranial nerve signs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Severe partial occlusion of the basilar artery causes the _______________________. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ________________________is a condition in which a patient is aware but cannot move or communicate verbally due to complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles in the body except for the eyes |
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|
Term
| Anterior cerebral artery: |
|
Definition
| Occlusion of this cortical branch results in personality changes with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Occlusion of this cortical branch results in homonymous hemianopia combined with contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss involving the upper limb and face |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occlusion of this deep branch results in contralateral hemiplegia that equally affects the upper and lower extremities and the face |
|
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Term
| its cause, severity, and location. |
|
Definition
| Effects of a stroke depend on ______________________________. (3 things) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most ischemic strokes occlude the ________________________ |
|
|
Term
| Arteriovenous Malformations |
|
Definition
-Developmental abnormalities occur with arteries connected to the veins by abnormal, thin-walled vessels larger than capillaries.
-Usually do not cause signs or symptoms until they rupture; bleeding causes dysfunction as a result of a lack of blood to the area the arteries normally supply and pressure exerted by the extravascular blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Is the dilation of the wall of an artery or vein.
-This swelling has thin walls that are prone to rupture.
-Two types |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| _______________________ are the most common aneurysms, affecting only one side of the vessel wall. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of aneurysm that is a small sac that protrudes from a cerebral artery and has a thin connection with the artery. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Is a specialized permeability barrier between the capillary endothelium of the CNS and the extracellular space.
-Is formed by tight junctions between the capillary endothelial cells that exclude large molecules.
-Exclusion is useful for preventing many pathogens from entering the CNS; it also prevents certain drugs and protein antibodies from accessing the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
Is the accumulation of excess tissue fluid in the brain
Causes include:
-Concussion
-Cardiac arrest
- High altitude |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cause of cerebral edema that allows fluid to leak from the damaged capillaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cause of cerebral edema where fluid pressure results in ischemia, causing arterioles to dilate, increasing the capillary pressure, and producing more edema. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, tumors, and other lesions can cause an increase in _______________________.
-Symptoms are vomiting and nausea, headache, drowsiness, frontal lobe gait ataxia, and visual and eye movement problems.
-Lesions may produce a herniation of part of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal Association Cortex |
|
Definition
-Damage to these areas interferes with the emotional response to inferred emotional events.
-People with these lesions have intact intellectual abilities but use poor judgment, are impulsive, and have difficulty conforming to social conventions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Is the abnormal, uncontrolled expression of emotions. |
|
|
Term
-Abrupt mood shifts, usually to anger, depression or anxiety
-Involuntary, inappropriate emotional expression in the absence of subjective emotion (pathologic laughter or crying)
-Emotion, triggered by nonspecific stimuli unrelated to the emotional expression |
|
Definition
| -Three aspects of emotional lability: |
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Term
|
Definition
-Is the loss of declarative memory.
-One type involves the loss of memories for events that occurred before the trauma or disease that caused the condition.
-People with this retain the ability to form new preferences, despite lacking cognitive awareness of the preferences |
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Term
|
Definition
| ________________________ involves the loss of memories for events that occurred before the trauma or disease that caused the condition. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affects the ability to write. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Affects comprehension of written language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-Broca's
-Wernicke’s
-Conduction
-Global |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is difficulty expressing or using language. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Language comprehension is impaired. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is the result of damage to the neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is an inability to use language in any form. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Is the tendency to behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist
-May be misinterpreted by others as confusion or a lack of cooperation.
-Two types |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-failure to direct attention, affecting the awareness of one’s own body parts
-Unilateral lack of awareness of sensory stimuli, personal hygiene and grooming, movement of the limbs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Unilateral lack of understanding of spatial relationships, resulting in a deranged internal representation of space |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of impaired attention- ability to locate specific sensory information from among many stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of impaired attention- ability to attend to two or more things simultaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of impaired attention-ability to attend to important information and ignore distractions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Type of impaired attention-ability to continue an activity over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of impaired attention- ability to change from one task to another |
|
|
Term
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
|
Definition
-Difficulty sustaining attention with onset during childhood.
-People with this display developmentally inappropriate inattention and impulsiveness.
-Deficits in executive function, working memory, and the dopamine reward pathway cause difficulty maintaining attention when a person is uninterested in a task.
-People with this can concentrate on tasks that interest them. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-affects 3% to 7% of children and 2% to 4% of adults.
--Girls with this are more likely to be inattentive than are boys.
--Boys with this tend to be hyperactive or impulsive.
-Usually persists into adulthood, impairing social, academic, and work capabilities. |
|
|
Term
| Autism spectrum disorders |
|
Definition
-Is the abnormal anatomy and connectivity of the limbic and striatal social brain systems.
-Brain grows abnormally rapidly for the first few years, beginning soon after birth, then the rate of brain development slows.
-Pattern, as well as the pace of brain development, is abnormal.
-An immune attack on brain proteins, in addition to genetic factors, may cause this. Although much works remains in ascribing an etiology - |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Is characterized by sudden attacks of excessive cortical neuronal discharge, interfering with brain function.
-Involuntary movements, disruption of autonomic regulation, illusions, and hallucinations may occur.
-Causes range from genetic channelopathies to brain changes secondary to tumors, infection, stroke, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and febrile seizures. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
______________ seizures affect only a restricted area of the cortex.
____________ seizures affect the entire cortex. |
|
|
Term
-Absence seizures
-Tonic-clonic seizures: |
|
Definition
| Two main types of generalized seizures: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are identified by a brief loss of consciousness without motor manifestations. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Begin with tonic contraction of the skeletal muscles, followed by alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Usually occurs late in life; many causes exist.
-Generalized mental deterioration occurs, characterized by disorientation and impaired memory, judgment, and intellect.
-Most common causes are multiple infarcts, Alzheimer’s disease, diffuse Lewy body disease, Parkinson’s dementia, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Arise from a failure to develop specific types of intelligence.
-Most common is dyslexia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-is an inability to read at a level commensurate with the person’s overall intelligence.
-People with this have difficulty with reading, writing, and spelling words, yet their conversational and visual abilities are normal. They can interpret visual objects and illustrations without difficulty |
|
|
Term
| TBI- Traumatic Brain Injury |
|
Definition
-Majority of moderate-to-severe these occur in motor vehicle accidents.
-Impact tends to damage the orbitofrontal, anterior, and inferior temporal regions and to cause diffuse axonal injury.
-People show poor judgment, decreased executive functions, memory deficits, slow information processing, attentional disorders, and poor divergent thinking.
-Inability to use new information effectively results in concrete thinking, inability to appropriately apply rules, and trouble distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Are false beliefs, despite evidence to the contrary.
-Simple delusion is common in delirium, Alzheimer’s disease, and vascular dementia.
-Complicated _____________ occur in schizophrenia and may be medication-induced in Parkinson’s disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Are sensory perceptions experienced without corresponding sensory stimuli.
-Visual ______________ occur with ocular/optic nerve abnormalities, migraine, delirium, schizophrenia, mania, depression, and temporal lobe seizures.
-Auditory _________________ are more common in primary psychologic disease but can occur in neurologic disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Is excessive excitement, euphoria, delusions, and overactivity.
-Racing thoughts, a disregard for consequences, and energetic behaviors typify this.
-Causes include drugs, bipolar disorder, and rarely brain lesions on the right side that affect structures in the behavioral flexibility and control loop. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Is a syndrome of hopelessness and a sense of worthlessness, with aberrant thoughts and behavior. -Is linked to neurotransmitter and neural activity abnormalities rather than to structural abnormalities. -People with this have reduced levels of serotonin metabolites in their cerebrospinal fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Is the feeling of tension or uneasiness that accompanies anticipating danger.
-Autonomic system is overactive, skeletal muscles are tense, and the person is excessively alert. |
|
|
Term
-Generalized anxiety disorder
-Social anxiety disorder
-Panic disorder
-Obsessive-compulsive disorder
-Post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| Types of anxiety disorders: (5) |
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Term
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Definition
-Is an episode of intense fear that begins abruptly and lasts 10 to 15 minutes.
-Symptoms include pounding heart, rapid heart rate, sweating, feeling of choking, difficulty breathing, nausea, feeling faint or light-headed, fear of fainting, and “going crazy” or dying.
-Can also be caused by seizure activity, vestibular disorders, cardiac disorders, or drugs. |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
-Is characterized by persistent upsetting thoughts and the use of compulsive behavior in response to the obsessive thoughts.
-People with this disorder have decreased activity in dorsal, cognitive prefrontal areas combined with increased activity in ventral, emotion-related prefrontal-striate circuits, and increased amygdala activity. |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
-Can develop in survivors of war, physical and sexual assault, abuse, accidents, disasters, and other serious trauma.
-People with this re-experience the original event in flashbacks or nightmares, avoid stimuli linked to the trauma and are hyperaroused. |
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Term
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Definition
-Is a group of disorders consisting of disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, lack of motivation, apathy, and social withdrawal.
-Executive function, including planning, goal-orientation, and behavioral inhibition, are impaired.
-Poor working memory interferes with considering possible alternatives. |
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Definition
Divided by the septum pellucidum
3 horns |
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Definition
Surrounded by the diencephalon
Thalamic lobes form the walls of this ventricle
Hypothalamic lobes form the floor of this ventricle |
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Definition
Located within the pons, rostral medulla, and the cerebellum |
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Definition
Made up of the vascular structures that in the brain that protrude into the ventricles and PRODUCE CSF
All of the ventricles contain this structure - the lateral ventricle contain the most |
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Definition
Narrow channel that descends through the midbrain
Connects 3rd and Fourth ventricles * common site of blockage* |
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Definition
Clear
Reabsorbed in the arachnoid villi and returns to the blood circulation through the venous sinuses
Arachnoid villi are the projections of the arachnoid mater into the dura mater |
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Definition
Maintains a constant circulatory pressure
Formation of CSF is independent of pressure (hydrocephalus)
No neuroloigical mechanism that detects too much and regulates |
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Definition
done for hydrocephalus reduction
Complications: blood clot or bleeding in the brain, brain swelling, may stop working, infections, damage to brain tissues, tumors can be spread through the shunt, seizures |
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Definition
- intraventricular catheter system that can be used to aspirate CSF or to delivery drugs. Lateral ventricle. |
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Definition
Protection of the brain; fluid acts as a shock absorber
Exchange nutrients and waste; Plays a role in the transfer of substances between the blood and nervous tissue
Is examined for it’s pressure rate and composition
Role in the transport of some hormones throughout the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormal accumulation of pressure and fluid that results in compression of neural tissue and enlargement of ventricles
Condition causes intracranial pressure, progressive enlargement of the head in childhood. In adults- this condition can be lethal if not addressed. In adults you will see this as NPH |
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Term
| Communicating, Non-communicating, Congenital, & Adult Onset |
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Definition
| Types of Hydrocehpalus (4) |
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Definition
–Occurs when blockage in the ventricular system prevents CSF from reaching the arachnoid villi for reabsorption
(type of hydrocephalus) |
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Definition
Results from impaired reabsorption of CSF that does not occur from blockage of the foramina
(type of hydrocephalus) |
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Term
| Congenital Hydrocephalus in infants |
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Definition
Etiology:
Blockage- in the foramina
Excessive production of CSF
Meningitis- causes adhesions
Tumors of the choroid plexus
Hemorrhage, inflammation of the ependymal (lining of ventricles)- sensitive to viral infections during embryonic development
Effects: enlarged head- cranial sutures expand, compression of neural tissue, |
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Term
| Adult onset hydrocephalus |
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Definition
Etiology: tumors, meningitis, hemorrhage and inflammation, unknown
Effects: enlarged ventricles, atrophy of neural tissue
Increased pressures
Headache and vomiting
Cognitive deterioration
Life threatening
Treatment: VPS or surgical bypass |
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Term
Age
Gender
Race
HTN
High cholesterol
Cigarettes, DM, Obesity, HD |
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Definition
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Definition
Clots formed by plaque development in a vessel wall
Most common type of ischemic stroke
Usually occurs gradually over several days
Frequently seen in older persons with arteriosclerotic heart disease
Not associated with exertion |
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Definition
Small clots located in deep regions of the brainstem and subcortical structures
Found in single deep penetrating arteries that supply the internal capsule, basal ganglia, and brainstem
These are small- usually do not result in severe impairments |
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Definition
Clots that dislodge from their site of origin and travel to a cerebral blood vessel
Often affect the smaller cerebral vessels- most frequent site is the MCA
Sudden onset, associated with the presence of cardiac disease. Can occur after an MI |
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Definition
Frequently fatal
If patients survive the initial hemorrhagic damage- prognosis is generally good
Involve bleeding into brain tissue after the rupture of a blood vessel wall
This type of stroke results in edema and compression of brain tissue- can be fatal
Commonly occur suddenly and associated wthi exertion
Aneurysm SAH
A bulge occurring in the blood vessel wall
Most aneurysms are small saccular structures called berry aneurysms
Berry aneurysms commonly occur in the Circle of Willis
Tend to enlarge with time |
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Term
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Definition
“Mini strokes”
Focal ischemic cerebral incidents that last less than 24h. Usually last 1-2 hours
Causes include atherosclerotic disease and emboli
May be a warning sign of a larger stroke |
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Definition
Invasive procedure used to remove a small amount of CSF from the subarachnoid space for testing
No longer commonly used in the diagnosing of CNS disorders
Used to:
Collect CSF to determine pathological conditions
Measure pressure- dx hydrocephalus
Administer contrast dye for imaging
Administer anesthesia
Relieve hydrocephalus |
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Term
CNS infections- meningitis, encephalitis
Space-occupying lesions in the subarachnoid space
MS
Gullain-Barre
Neuroimmunologic disorders
Insertion of hollow needle between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae- needle does not contact spinal nerves
Collect 5-20 ml of CSF
Evaluated for cell counts, biochemical and immunologic studies
Spinal headaches can occur- some need blood patching. |
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Definition
Disorders where lumbar punctures are used or indicated: |
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Definition
–Invasive procedure using x-ray or CT and contrast agents to evaluate the condition of the spine, spinal canal, spinal cord, spinal nerve roots and or vertebral discs
–Lumbar puncture for CSF testing and then contrast agent is administered
–Regular x-rays show bones in white- the contrast will allow detailed observation of spinal cord, nerves and spinal canal
–Used to evaluate and diagnose: spinal cord tumors, abscesses, herniated discs
–Largely replaced by CT and MRI |
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Term
| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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Definition
Noninvasive test to record neural electrical patterns or brain waves
Pathophysiological tool to identify abnormal cerebral function that cannot be seen by other imaging.
Used for: seizures, epilepsy, herpes simplex encephalitis, dementia, sleep disorders
Cannot detect brainstem activitisy |
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Definition
Measure electrical activity in response to stimulation of specific nerve pathways
Identify slowed electrical conduction caused by demyelination- more sensitive than a neuro exam
Assessment of sensory organs- includes vision, auditory, and somatosensory systems |
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Term
| Electromyography or Electromyelogram(EMG)- Nerve Conduction (NVC) |
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Definition
Valuable in the assessment of peripheral nerve and muscular disorders
Thin needles inserted into specific muscles under evaluation
Recording spontaneous, voluntary, and electrically stimulated muscle activity- through intramuscular needle electrode
Nerve conduction velocity- stim of a peripheral nerve
help to evaluate:
Primary motor4 neuro disease vs muscular disease
Demyelinating vs axonal neuropathy
Nerve root vs plexus disorders
Can determine the presence of mononeuropathy |
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Definition
is used to observe the blood vessels
Invasive procedure- enter a catheter into the femoral artery, use of contrast
Use of fluoroscopy to image the material as it flows through the blood vessels
Provide visualization of neurologic vascular systems. Common prior to surgery.
Detect:
CVA
Cerebral anastomoses / occlusions
Aneurysms
AVMs
Tumor
Stenosis |
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Term
Magnetic Resonance
Angiography(MRA) |
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Definition
– uses MRI technology. Noninvassive- without contrast
–Detect diseased intracranial arteries
can detect aneurysms that cannot be observed by conventional angiography |
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Term
| Computerized Tomography Angiography (CTA) |
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Definition
Noninvasive imaging to observe blood flow throughout the brain and body
uses e-rays with computer analysis of images
can detect TIA’s
Examining cerebral arteries with this may help diagnosis patients with c/o ha, dizziness, tinnitus or syncopal events |
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Definition
–Magnets and radio waves to detect subtle electromagnetic fields in the brain (or body)
–Radiofrequency waves are directed at protons. Protons emit radio signals that can be computer processed to form an image
–Cross-sectional slices- coronal, sagittal, horizontal planes
–Noninvasive procedure that does not require contrast
–Detect:
–Arteriosclerosis
–AVMs
–Vertebral disc disease
–Chiari malformation
–Spinal mets
–Spinal stenosis
–Spinal cord tumors
–Demyelinating and or degenerative brain disorders |
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Definition
Noninvasive- measure brain function and metabolic process during neurological activity.
Detects small changes in the signal that results from increase or decrease of O2
Allows researchers to determine which brains are responsible for functions such as: cognition, language, speech, movement, and sensation
Neurosurgeons use this to map the brain |
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Term
| –Computed Tomography (CT) |
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Definition
–Involves absorption of photons by tissues to generate data- after processing these are seen in grayscale format
–Detect:
–SAH
–SDH
–Neoplasms
–Vascular anomalies |
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Term
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |
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Definition
Used to determine the molecular structures of a compound or determine the compounds structure
Based on the idea the nuclei of certain atoms have characteristic properties
Important to follow:
Progression of CVA
Ischemic Injury
Intracranial Tumors |
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Term
| –Positron Emission Tomography |
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Definition
–Measurement of positron emission from an injected radionuclide
–Integratin of 2 technologies: CT and radioactive tracers
–Like an FMRI, _____ is able to measure cellular changes resulting in increase or decrease in blood O2 and glucose levels. Measures regional changes in cerebral flow when people perform specific activities.
–Preferred tool to measure the growth rate of malignant tumors |
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Term
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Definition
In developed nations, the leading cause of senile dementia is ?
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Definition
Based on computer models
Compared to computer files placed in storage and pulled up to conscious thought when needed |
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Definition
Recall one’s past, familiar people, events more than several hours ago.
Types include
Recent memory
Remote memory |
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Definition
recall events that occurred hours to weeks ago
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Definition
| recall events in the distant past (years) |
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Definition
ability to recall details encountered- less than 1 hour, limited by capacity, duration, and time
Types include:
Working memory |
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Definition
| involves moment to moment awareness, role in search and retrieval of archived information |
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Term
Source:
Implicit:
Procedural:
Explicit
Prospective:
Semantic:
Episodic:
Flashbulb memory: |
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Definition
recall of how, where, and when information was learned
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| Unconscious recall of previously learned information to complete a task in the moment |
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Definition
Recall of the steps involved in a task |
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Definition
conscious, intentional recall of information. Requires effortful recollection. |
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Definition
ability to remember to carry out an event in the future (make an MD appointment) |
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recall of facts (state capitals, birthdays) |
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Definition
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Definition
type of memory where the images and sensory experiences of a highly emotional event are recalled with heightened clarity |
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Term
Visual
Olfactory
Gustatory
Somatosensory
Auditory |
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Definition
| Types of Perceptual memory (5) |
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Definition
person does not see themselves in the memory- rather they are weeing the memory through their own eyes
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Definition
| the person incorporates their own image into the recalled event |
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Retrograde:
Anterograde: memory dysfunction from brain damage
Transient Global Amnesia: |
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Definition
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Definition
common consequence of brain damage. Loss of personal past, can be recovered
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Definition
memory dysfunction from brain damage, cannot recall on going day to day events. Dysfunction of encoding
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| Transient Global Amnesia: |
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Definition
loss of past and day to day encoding |
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Definition
The actual steps that the brain uses to turn an event into a stored memory
Items in STM can only be recalled for seconds unless they are encoded and stored
involves moving it from STM to LTM |
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Method of Loci- cognitive act of creating a visual image to link it to a mental location
Acronyms
Rhymes |
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Definition
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Definition
–Prefrontal cortex plays a huge role in deep/elaborate encoding
frequently results in encoding problems
–Fail to organize information as it comes into STM and categorize
–Problem lies in the processes of working memory rather than LTM storage. LTM before frontal damage remains intact
–Difficult to encode new memories |
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Term
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Definition
The brain engages in the act of reconstruction during the retrieval process. This involves a series of neuro pathways and structures
Retrieved memories are a temporary construction of information from several distinct regions.
Researchers believe that the limbic and posterior multimodal association areas contain a type of index can then associate what connections need to be made (index keeps track of sights, sounds, emotions and thoughts that compose an event- until the memory is reconstructed) |
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Definition
Lesion to the lateral geniculate destroys communication with the primary visual area. Result: |
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Term
| cortical deafness or hyper or hypo sensitivity |
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Definition
Lesion to medial geniculate nucleus destroys communication with the primary auditory area. Result: |
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Term
| paresthesias, hypoesthesia |
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Definition
Lesion to the posterolateral nucleus destroys communication with the primary somatosensory area.
Result: |
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