Term
| somatic sensory system enables sensations of _____ |
|
Definition
| touch, temperature, pain, body position (proprioception) |
|
|
Term
the somatic sensory system differs from other systems in that:
- receptors are ____
- responds to ____ |
|
Definition
- distributed throughout body
- different kinds of stimuli |
|
|
Term
| in the somatic sensory system, most receptors are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ mediates touch sensations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Touch - types and layers of skin
- __ and __ (hairless)
- __ (outer) and ___ (inner) |
|
Definition
- hairy; glabrous
- epidermis; dermis |
|
|
Term
functions of skin
1. ___ function
2. prevents ___
3. provides ___
4. largest ___ |
|
Definition
1. protective
2. evaporation of body fluids
3. direct contact with world
4. sensory organ |
|
|
Term
| mechanoreceptors in skin: |
|
Definition
1. pacinian corpuscles
2. ruffini's endings
3. innervation of hair follicles
4. meissner's corpuscles
5. merkel's disks
6. Krause end bulbs |
|
|
Term
Pacinian Corpuscles
- detect ___ and ___
- __ shaped and about __ in length
- they have ___ and a __ with a __
- deformation of the corpuscle ___ in the ___ |
|
Definition
- gross pressure changes; rapid vibrations
- oval; 1mm
- fibrous connective tissue lamellae; fluid filled cavity; bare nerve ending
- opens pressure sensitive sodium ion channels; axon membrane |
|
|
Term
meissner's corpuscles
- detect ___
- consists of an ___ of ___ with ___
- located near ___ |
|
Definition
- vibration
- encapsulated stack; flattened epithlial (laminar) cells; interdigitated 1 degree afferent terminals between these cells
- the surface of the skin |
|
|
Term
Ruffini's endings
- detect ___
- ___ intertwined with ___ and encapsulated in a ___ |
|
Definition
- tension deep in the skin
- bare nerve ending; collagen fibers; fibrous sheath |
|
|
Term
Merkel's disks
- detect ___ and ___
- located in the ____
- they are ___
- consists of a ___ that ___ onto a ___
- occur in ___ beneath the ___ |
|
Definition
- sustained touch and pressure
- basal layer of the epidermis
- unencapsulated
- specialized receptor cell, the merkel cell; releases neuropeptides; 1 degree afferent terminal ending
- clusters; ridges of the fingertips |
|
|
Term
hair cells:
- detects ___
- the ___ around the ___ |
|
Definition
- hair movement
- 1 degree afferent terminal axons spiral; hair follicle base |
|
|
Term
touch
- small receptive fields: ___
- large receptive fields: ____ |
|
Definition
- meissner corpuscles and merkel's disks
- pacinian corpscles and ruffini's endings |
|
|
Term
touch
- ___ size and ___ rate |
|
Definition
| - receptive field; adaptation |
|
|
Term
| ___: a change over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus (usually a decrease in ___) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: the minimum distance needed to differentiate between two points touching the body simultaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
why are fingertips better at two point discrimination:
- higher density of __ in fingertips
- enriched in __ having ___
- more ___ devoted to ___ from fingertips
- may be ___ devoted to ___ |
|
Definition
- mechanoreceptors
- receptor types; small receptor fields
- brain tissue; analyzing sensory info
- special neural mechanisms; high spatial resolution |
|
|
Term
sensory organization of the spinal cord
- cell bodies in ___
- ___: sensory info
- ___ zone
- ___: motor info |
|
Definition
- dorsal root ganglion
- dorsal horn
- intermediate
- ventral horn |
|
|
Term
| there are ___ spinal segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are within __ divisions of spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 divisions of the spinal cord: |
|
Definition
1. cervical: 8
2. thoracic: 12
3. lumbar: 5
4. sacral: 5 |
|
|
Term
___: right and left dorsal roots of a single spinal segment
- ___ correspondance with spinal segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: reemergence of the chicken pox virus inside a nerve branch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| touch information ascends through the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| axons terminate in the ___ (at the junction of the ___ and ___) |
|
Definition
| dorsal column nuclei (spinal cord and medulla) |
|
|
Term
| axons from dorsal nuclei cells cross to ___ and ascend in ___ tract called ___. These axons synapse upon ___ of the ___ |
|
Definition
| the other side of brain; white matter; the medial lemniscus. ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| VP axons project to specific regions of the ____ |
|
Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex (S1) |
|
|
Term
| all sensory information going to the cortex, synapses first in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ chain to get touch info to primary sensory cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the trigeminal touch pathway consists of ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| the cranial nerves and trigeminal nerves |
|
|
Term
| the cranial nerves are ___ from the ___, and mostly ____ |
|
Definition
| 12 nerves; brain stem; innervate the head |
|
|
Term
trigeminal nerves (cranial nerve 5) supply ___ to the ___
- enter at ___ where info crosses to ___ |
|
Definition
somatic sensation; face
- pons; opposite side of body |
|
|
Term
| The trigeminal touch pathway still goes to ___, and is still a ___ |
|
Definition
| thalamus; three neuron chain |
|
|
Term
somatosensory cortex
- ___ brodmann's area __ (or __):
-- receives dense input from ___
-- responsive to ___
-- ___ impair somatic sensation
-- ___ evokes sensory experiences |
|
Definition
- primary; 3b (S1)
-- VP nucleus of the thalamus
-- touch stimuli
-- lesions
-- electrical stimulation |
|
|
Term
| VP divides into areas __ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area 3b deals with ___ while area 3a deals with ___ |
|
Definition
| sensation; sense of body position |
|
|
Term
| area 3b leads to ___ which deals with ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area 3a leads to ___ which deals with ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: receives info from somatosensory areas 1,2,3 cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: integrates touch info with visual info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
damage can affect the ability to ___ even though ___
- this is called ___ or ___ |
|
Definition
recognize objects; the objects can be felt
- tactile agnosia; astereognosia |
|
|
Term
| Cortical damage where the ___ meets the ___ and the ___ can cause neglect of the contralateral side of the world |
|
Definition
| posterior parietal lobe; anterior occipital; posterior superior temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| ___ can be so severe that the individual even denies that their left side belongs to them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
somatosensory cortex, like the visual cortex:
1. ___ structure
2. __ inputs terminate in __
3. ___ of __ project to other layers
4. ___ with similar inputs and responses are stacked ___ into columns that extend across the ___
5. different features of the stimulus analyzed in ___
6. input is ____ |
|
Definition
1. layered
2.thalamic; layer 4
3. neurons; layer 4
4. S1 neurons; vertically; cortical layers
5. different cortical areas
6. mapped topographically |
|
|
Term
| mapping of inputs and outputs organized ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: a scale model illustrating the relative area of the somatosensory cortex devoted to analyzing touch info from various areas of the human body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the conclusion of a cortical map plasticity experiment was that ____ |
|
Definition
| maps are dynamic and reorganize |
|
|
Term
| maps adjust depending on the amount of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: cortical maps differ reflecting use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humans, ___, fingers fused from birth the cortical representation is ___ and not ___. when fingers surgically seperated, the area expands to ___ and get ___ |
|
Definition
| smaller; organized topographically. almost normal; topography |
|
|
Term
| ___: loss of control and degradation of skilled hand movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: abnormal sensations perceived from a previously amputated limb that can be either painful or non painful in nature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: feeling of sore, aching, throbbing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: sensory process; provides signals that trigger pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: receptors activated by stimuli that can cause tissue damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nociceptors are __, ___, ___ nerve endings |
|
Definition
| free, branching, unmyelinated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong mechanical stimulation
temperature extremes
oxygen deprivation
exposure to certain chemicals |
|
|
Term
| membranes contain __ that can be activated by these stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many ___, but show selectivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___: increases or heightened sensitivity to pain
- primary occurs ___
- secondary occurs ____ |
|
Definition
hyperalgesia
- within area of damaged tissue
- in tissues surrounding a damaged area |
|
|
Term
| hyperalgesia can be caused by ___ that ___ |
|
Definition
| release of chemicals; modulate the exicitability of nociceptors |
|
|
Term
| ___ can directly depolarize nociceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ increases the sensitivity of nociceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is synthesized by nociceptors; causes ____ |
|
Definition
| substance p; sensation of surrounding nociceptors |
|
|
Term
primary afferents
- first pain: ___
- second pain: ___ |
|
Definition
- fast, sharp
- dull, long lasting |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ input take same route |
|
Definition
| visceral and cutaneous pain |
|
|
Term
| ___: visceral nociceptor activation perceived as a cutaneous sensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: heart fails to receive enough oxygen. Pain often localized to upper chest wall and left arm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
spinothalamic pain pathway
- is a ___
- different __ and ___ |
|
Definition
- 3 neuron chain
- thalamic and cortical targets |
|
|
Term
| spinothalamic pain pathway occupies a different part of the ___ than ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the cortex does the pain go for the spinothalamic pathway |
|
Definition
| widely distributed including area 11, anterior cingulate gyrus, and insular cortex |
|
|
Term
dorsal column - medial lemniscal pathway
- deals with __, ___, __, and ___
- info enters ___ through ___ |
|
Definition
- touch, vibration, two point discrimination, and proprioception
- dorsal root axon; alpha, beta (mostly), and delta axons |
|
|
Term
spinothalamic pathway
- deals with __, ___, and ___
- info enters ___ through ___ |
|
Definition
- pain, temp, and some touch
- dorsal root axon; delta axons and C |
|
|
Term
1) pain (and temp) sensory info from the head travels in the ___
2) synapse onto the ___ in ___
3) these axons cross and ascend to the ___ in the ___ |
|
Definition
1.trigeminal nerve
2. spinal trigeminal nucleus; brain stem
3. thalamus; trigeminal lemniscus |
|
|
Term
receptors that deal with temp are ___
- different ___
- not ___
- varying ___ |
|
Definition
thermoreceptors
- hot and cold receptors
- uniform across skin
- sensitivities |
|
|
Term
__ different ___ channels conferring different temperature sensitivities
- usually each receptor has ___ |
|
Definition
6; Trp (thermoreceptor?)
- only one channel |
|
|
Term
| both hot and cold receptors ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the temperature pathway
- organization of temperature pathway is ___
- cold receptors info carried by ___
- hot receptors coupled to ___ |
|
Definition
identical to pain pathway
- delta axons and C
- C |
|
|
Term
| gate theory states that the ___ for ___ can be shut out be the nerves that ____ |
|
Definition
| final common pathway; sharp pain to the brain; transmit cold and vibration senses |
|
|
Term
| the ___ is why it feels good to rub the skin around your shin when you bruise it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
descending regulation
- ___, ___, or ___ can powerfully suppress pain
- one region involved in pain suppression is the ___
- stimulates ___ which depresses the activity of ___ through ___ |
|
Definition
- strong emotion, stress, stoic determination
- periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
- raphe nuclei; nociceptive neurons; serotonin release |
|
|
Term
__- joy plant
- opiods include ___
- produce profound ___
- bind to ___ |
|
Definition
poppy
- opium, morphine, codeine, heroin
- analgesia
- opiod receptors |
|
|
Term
___ are endogenous opiods
- function as ___, release produces ___ and feeling of well being |
|
Definition
endorphins
- neurotransmitters; analgesia |
|
|
Term
| ___: feelings of exhilaration brought on by pain, danger, or other forms of stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
endorphin containing cells in spinal cord and brain stem prevent passage of ___ to ___.
- decreases ___
- ___ neurons |
|
Definition
nociceptive signals to brain
- glutamate release
- hyperpolarizes |
|
|
Term
| different pain medications act at ___ in the ___ |
|
Definition
| different places in the pain pathways |
|
|
Term
| non-opioid analgesics at at ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
| the site of pain; reduce inflammation |
|
|
Term
| opioid analgesics act on ___ in various parts of the CNS by binding to ___. inhibit ___ of pain perception and activate ___. |
|
Definition
| synaptic transmission; natural opioid receptors; ascending pathways; descending pathways |
|
|
Term
| ___: possessing the ability to alter mood, anxiety, behavior, cognitive processes, or other mental activities or states |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ include cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, and nicotine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ include benzodiazepines, barbituates, ethanol, and opiates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs will ___ your brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
oral admin of drugs to brain
- first the pill or fluid is ingested and disintegrates quickly in the ___
- once dissolved, some drug molecules are absorbed from the ___ into the ___, but most of the drug moves from the ___ into the ___ |
|
Definition
- stomach contents
- stomach; bloodstream; stomach; small intestine |
|
|
Term
in the small intestine, drugs are ____
- drugs that have entered the bloodstream then travel to ___
- in above, some of the drug may be ___ and the rest is ___ |
|
Definition
absorbed into the bloodstream more easily
- liver
- metabolized to inactive compounds; carried through the veins to the heart |
|
|
Term
| once in the heart, the drug is pumped to the ___ along with the ___, which becomes ___ and returns to the ___ |
|
Definition
| lungs; blood; oxygenated; heart |
|
|
Term
| oxygenated blood carries the drug from the ___ to the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| psychoactive drugs are usually ___ to cross the ___ |
|
Definition
| lipophilic; blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| most or all psychoactive drugs have at least one __ that ___ |
|
Definition
| moiety; partially mimics a natural neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| The reward pathway consists of the ___, ___, and the ___ |
|
Definition
| ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
reward pathway
- the ___ is connected to both the ___ and the ___ via this pathway and it sends info to these structures via its ___ |
|
Definition
| VTA; nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex; neurons |
|
|
Term
reward pathway
- the neurons of the ___ contain the neurotransmitter ___ which is released in the ___ and in the ___ |
|
Definition
| VTA; dopamine; nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| The reward pathway is activated by any ___ including ___ |
|
Definition
| rewarding stimulus; psychoactive drugs |
|
|
Term
| The reward pathway works by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cocaine/crack: blocks ____ and other related ____ |
|
Definition
| reuptake of dopamine; neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| amphetamine/speed: enhances release of ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| catecholamines; blocks reuptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nicotinic acetylcholine receptors |
|
|
Term
| benzodiazepines enhances ____ |
|
Definition
| activation of GABA A receptors |
|
|
Term
| barbitiuate are ___ but ___ |
|
Definition
| similar to benzodiazepines; at different site |
|
|
Term
| ethanol/alcohol: unique in being a significant source of ___ and in having some well supported ___ |
|
Definition
| calories; health benefits |
|
|
Term
| heroin and other opiate like drugs stimulate ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrous oxide and other inhalents: mechanisms of action are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
THC: agonist at ___
PCP: blocks the __ of ___
LSD: binds to various ___
Mushrooms: similar to ___
meth: unclear, but affects ___ |
|
Definition
-cannabinoid receptors
- ion channel; NMDA receptors
- 5ht receptors subtypes (serotonin)
- LSD
- 5ht |
|
|
Term
| anabolic steroids: agonists at ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ can be used to measure binding to receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___: a state in which an organism no longer responds to a drug
- a ___ is required to achieve the same effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___: a state in which as organism functions normally only in the presence of a drug
- manifested as a ___ when the drug is removed |
|
Definition
dependence
- physical disturbance (withdrawal) |
|
|
Term
| sex and motivation also used as evidence of the ___ being a major center of motivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ of POA destroy male consummatory sex behavior, ___ induces it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sex and motivation can be induced by local implants of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
it takes more than ___ to be motivated
- the ___ plays an important role in integrating incoming somatosensory stimuli - ____ behaviors
- the ___ is critical for integration required for motor ouput; ___ behaviors
- motivation requires a ___ |
|
Definition
hypothalamus
- amygdala; appetative
- midbrain; consummatory
- circuit |
|
|
Term
nonetheless, ___ reigns supreme
- mesolimbic dopamine
-- ___ to ___
- all stimuli considered ___ will ___
- led to ____ |
|
Definition
dopamine
- mesolimbic dopamine
-- VTA (ventral tegmental area); nAC (nucleus accumbens - shell)
- rewarding; accumbens dopamine
- pleasure hypothesis |
|
|
Term
The pleasure hypothesis also came under attack
- when animals are trained to anticipate a rewarding stimulus, ___ rises in response to anticipation
- __ given prior to a reward makes it a stronger stimulus
- now consider mesolimbic dopamine to be an __, making stimuli more ___ |
|
Definition
-dopamine
- amphetamine
- attention mediator; salient |
|
|
Term
| ___ behaviors relevant to seeking out the object of motivation. ex. courting, foraging, seeking shade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| while there is often a common ___ basis for appetitive and consummatory behaviors, they have distinct ___ |
|
Definition
| neurochemical; neurocircuits |
|
|
Term
| ___ behaviors include copulating, eating , shivering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functions of dopamine pathways |
|
Definition
| reward/motivation, euphoria/pleasure, motor function, compulsion, preservation |
|
|
Term
| functions of serotonin pathways |
|
Definition
| mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition |
|
|
Term
the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain -- norepinephrine
- the ___ ___ ___ in pons
-- path: axons innervate ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ____
- function: regulation of ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ____
- activation: __, __, ___, ___ stimuli |
|
Definition
- nonadrenergic locus coeruleus
-- cerebral cortex; thalamus; hypothalamus; olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, spinal cord
- attention; arousal; sleep-wake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, brain metabolism
- new, unexpected, nonpainful, sensory |
|
|
Term
the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain - dopamine (dopaminergic cells)
1. ____
- projects axons to ___
- facilitates initiation of ___
2. ___
- innervates circumscribed region of ___
-- ____: dopaminergic projection to midbrain |
|
Definition
1. substantia nigra
- the striatum
- voluntary movements
2. ventral tegmental area
- telecephalon
-- mesocorticolimbic dopamine system |
|
|
Term
the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain - acetylcholine, ach
- cholinergic systems include __ and ___ |
|
Definition
| - basal forebrain complex; pontomesencephalotegmental complex |
|
|
Term
basal forebrain complex
- core of ___, ___ and ___ to ___
- function: _____
pontomesencephalotegmental complex
- releases ___
- function: regulates ___ of ___ |
|
Definition
- telencephalon; medial; ventral; basal ganglia
- unknown; participates in learning and memory
- ach
- excitability; thalamic sensory relay nuclei |
|
|
Term
major cholinergic projections
- ___ projects to the ___
- ___ projects to the ____ |
|
Definition
- nucleus basalis; neocortex
- PPN; thalamus |
|
|
Term
| two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic and sympathetic |
|
|
Term
___ division (fight or flight)
- increased ___ and ___
- depressed ____
- mobilized ____ |
|
Definition
sympathetic
- heart rate; blood pressure
- digestive function
- glucose reserves |
|
|
Term
___ division (rest and digest)
- slower ___, fall in ___
- increased ___
- stop ___ |
|
Definition
parasympathetic
- heart rate; pressure
- digestive functions
- sweating |
|
|
Term
ANS
- actions __, __, and ___
- widely __ and ___ control
- commands __ and ___ except ___
- __ CNS
- ___ pathways |
|
Definition
- multiple, widespread, slow
- coordinated; graded
- all tissues; organs; skeletal muscle
- outside
- disynaptic efferent |
|
|
Term
Somatic
- ___ and ___
- only __ targets
- commands only ___
- __ CNS
- ___ pathway |
|
Definition
- rapid and accurate
- peripheral
- skeletal muscle
- within
- monosynaptic |
|
|
Term
| mnemonic for the 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
|
Definition
| on onld olympus towering top a finn and a german viewed some hoes |
|
|
Term
ANS - The enteric division
- location: lining of ____
- composition: two complicated networks ___ and ___
- function: control physiological processes involved in __, ___
- inputs: from __ via ___ of the ___ |
|
Definition
- esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gallbladder
- myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus and submucous (Meissner's) plexus
- transport; digestion of food
- brain; axons; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
|
|
Term
Central control of the ANS
- connections for autonomic control
-- ___ zone connections to ___ and ___ nuclei |
|
Definition
| -- periventricular zone; brain stem; spinal cord |
|
|
Term
central control of the ans
- function of solitary nucleus
-- integrates ___ from ___ and coordinates ___ |
|
Definition
| - sensory info; internal organs; output |
|
|
Term
| In the ANS there is a better understanding of drug mechanisms influencing ___ vs. cns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
preganglionic neurotransmitters
- primary transmitter is ___
- Ach binds to ___ evokes ___
- ganglionic ACh actives ___ evokes ___
- preganglionic terminals evoke ___ |
|
Definition
- ach
- nAChR; fast EPSP
- mAChR; slow EPSP and IPSP
- small EPSPs |
|
|
Term
Postganglionic neurotransmitters
- parasympathetic release ___; ___ effect
- sympathetic release ___; ___ effect
- parasympathomimetic ___ or ___ ___ actions of ___ or ___
- sympathomimetic __ or __ ___ actions or ___ |
|
Definition
- Ach; local
- NE; far-reaching
- mimic or promote muscarinic actions of ACH or inhibit actions of NE
- mimic or promote NE actions or inhibit muscarinic actions of ACH |
|
|
Term
The secretory hypothalamus
- function: different for ___ and ___
- hypothalamus defect: can be ___ to ___
- dorsal hypothalamus defect: can be ___, lack of ___ |
|
Definition
- hypothalamus; dorsal hypothalamus
- fatal disruption; body function
- blind spot; feeling |
|
|
Term
The secretory hypothalamus
- involved in ___ (maintain some physiologic variable within acceptable or optimal range)
-- regulatory process that regulates ___ and ___ levels
- hypothalamus commands in cold weather include: ____
- hypothalamus commands in hot weather: ____ |
|
Definition
- homeostasis
-- body temp; blood composition
- shiver, goosebumps, turn blue
- turn red, sweat |
|
|
Term
The secretory hypothalamus
- pathways to the ___
- two neurohormones: ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
- pituitary
- oxytocin and vasopressin (or ADH) |
|
|
Term
- oxytocin involved in ___ and ___
- vasopressin (or ADH) regulates ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
-lactation; uterine contractions
- blood volume; salt concentration |
|
|
Term
the secretory hypothalamus
- hypothalamic control of the ___
-- ___ lobe
--- controlled by ____ cells |
|
Definition
- anterior pituitary
-- anterior
--- parvocellular neurosecretory |
|
|
Term
parvocellular neurosecretory cells secrete ____
- these __ to ___ on ___
- receptor activation: __ cells __ or ___ |
|
Definition
hypophysiotropic hormones
- bind; specific receptors; pituitary cells
- pituitary; secrete; stop secreting hormones |
|
|
Term
drinking water
- ___: decrease in blood volume
- ___: increase in the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood
- vasopressin (ADH): acts on __ to __, and inhibits ___ |
|
Definition
- hypovolemia
- hypertonicity
- kidneys; increase water retention; urine production |
|
|
Term
| volumetric thirst is thirst triggered by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
drinking water
- ___: vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
- role of OVLT neurons: excite ___ and stimulate ___
- diabetes insipidus treatment is to ___ |
|
Definition
-OVLT
- magnocellular neurosecretory cells; osmometric thirst
- replace missing vasopressin |
|
|
Term
the hypothalamus and feeding
- ___: severely diminished appetite for food
- ___: overeating caused by bilateral lesions in ventromedial hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
short term regulation of feeding behavior
- motivation to eat depends on __ and ___
- appetite, eating, digestion, and satiety
-- 3 phases: |
|
Definition
- time and quantity of last meal
-- cephalic, gastric, and substrate |
|
|
Term
| all mammals divide their existence among three unique states of the brain: |
|
Definition
1. wakefulness
2. rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
3. non REM sleep |
|
|
Term
| first ___ recording in humans in 1928 |
|
Definition
| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
|
|
Term
| sleep states can be defined by ___ activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| REM sleep: a __ brain in a ___ body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NREM sleep: a __ brain in a __ body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ sleep is more similar to wake than ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
REM sleep
- ____ REMs; ___ waves
- ___
- muscle ___
- high ___ in brain
- irregular ___
-- increased risk of ___ or ___ events
- increased ___ variability
-- increased risk of ___, ___, and ___ |
|
Definition
- binocularly synchronous; sawtooth
- dreaming
- atonia (paralysis)
- metabolic activity
- breathing
-- apnea; hypoxic
- heart rate
-- arrhythmias; pulmonary hypertension; heart attack |
|
|
Term
NREM sleep - stage 1
- ___ decreases
- mostly of ___ voltage
- mixed ___ activity; much at __
- ___ movements appear
- the EMG is ___ |
|
Definition
- alpha activity
- low
- frequency; 3-7 hz
- slow rolling eye movements
- moderate to low |
|
|
Term
NREM sleep stage 2
- __ voltage
- ___ background activity
- bursts of ___
- eye movements are __ and the EMG is ___ |
|
Definition
-low
- mixed frequency
- distinctive 12-15 hz sinusoidal waves (sleep spindles)
- rare; low to moderate |
|
|
Term
NREM sleep - stage 3
- __ amplitude
- ___ frequency
- ___ appear in the EEG |
|
Definition
- high
- slow (0.5-4)
- delta waves |
|
|
Term
NREM sleep
- there is a ___ in ___ so that they come to ___ |
|
Definition
| quantitative increase; delta waves; dominate the EEG tracing |
|
|
Term
| sleep is regulated by ___, ___, and ___ processes |
|
Definition
| circadian; homeostatic; ultradian |
|
|
Term
theoretical model of circadian rhythms
- input: light via the ___ tract
- pacemaker: in mammals the ___ is the master pacemaker
- Outputs: include sleep-wake, hormones, body temp... |
|
Definition
- retinohypothalamic
- SCN |
|
|
Term
Properties of circadian rhythms
- periodicity of approximately ___
- ___ generation
- entrainment by ___
- ___ compensation |
|
Definition
- 24 hours
- endogenous
- environmental time cues
- temperature |
|
|
Term
circadian rhythms in rodent activity
- alpha: ___
- rho: ___ |
|
Definition
- active phase
- quiescent phase |
|
|
Term
the ___ is necessary for most circadian rhythms in mammals
- ___ of the ___ eliminate circadian rhythms of activity |
|
Definition
suprachiasmatic nucleus
- lesions; SCN |
|
|
Term
| ___ ensure that the organism's behavior and physiology is appropriately (species specific) aligned with the ___ |
|
Definition
| circadian rhythms; external light-dark cycle |
|
|
Term
| in the absence of environmental time of day cues, circadian rhythms ___ according to their ___ which can deviate from the environmental 24 hour period determined by the ___ |
|
Definition
| free-run; intrinsic period; earth's rotation |
|
|
Term
| the intrinsic circadian rhythm remains __ to the external light-dark cycle by daily ___ of the circadian clock by light (range of ___) |
|
Definition
| entrained; phase resetting; entrainment |
|
|
Term
| The ___ of the ___ are both necessary and sufficient for the generation of circadian rhythms |
|
Definition
| suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN); hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sleep loss induces a ___ and ___ in EEG ___ |
|
Definition
| frequency specific; proportional increase; delta power |
|
|
Term
| EEG ___ is little affected by ___ |
|
Definition
| delta power; circadian factors |
|
|
Term
| the two process model is the interaction between ___ and ___ processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two process model includes process __ and process ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
process C (clock)
- __ regulation and behavior ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
process S (hourglass)
- sleep ___ and behavior ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most sleep variables show both __ and __ dependent changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sleep occurs when ___ declines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory input traveling through the ___ is not necessary for wake. however, something between the ___ and ___ is important for wake |
|
Definition
| spinal cord; medulla; midbrain |
|
|
Term
| magoun and moruzzi said that the ___ system receives ___ input |
|
Definition
| reticular activating; ascending sensory |
|
|
Term
| hess: stimulate ___ -> ___ sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hess suggested sleep is an ___ process, not just the ___. He could drive sleep by the stimulation of certain parts of the ___ |
|
Definition
| active; cessation of neuronal activity; thalamus |
|
|
Term
| modern viewpoint is that sleep and wake are ___ states |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Thermoregulation
- during NREM sleep: there is ___, but increased ___
- during REM sleep: there is ___ |
|
Definition
- active heat loss; skin temperature
- loss of temperature control |
|
|
Term
Cardiovascular system
- NREM sleep: decreased __ and __, but increased ___
- REM sleep: increased __, ___, ___, and decreased ___ |
|
Definition
- blood pressure; cardiac output; vasodilation (helps heat loss)
- blood pressure variability, vasoconstriction of striated muscle, vasodilation of all other muscle; cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| Renal function during REM sleep and NREM sleep leads to ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| lower volume; more concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| the alimentary function of NREM sleep and REM sleep leads to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
low amplitude and high amplitude EEG indicates degree of synchrony between __, not the ___
- desynchronized firing leads to ___
- synchronicity additively combines ___ |
|
Definition
cortical neurons; amount of activity
- destructive interference
- waveforms |
|
|
Term
| ___ synchronize cortical networks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ is important for getting sensory info to the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are in the thalamus and connect the thalamus to the ___ |
|
Definition
| thalamocortical neurons; cortex |
|
|
Term
| thalamocortical neurons exhibit two forms of firing; ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bursting occurs during ___ while single spikes occur during ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how do neuromodulators lead to EEG paterns
- during wake, neuron modulators raise ___ and shifts __ neurons to ___
- during wake, ___ (which are excitatory) raise ___ and allow only ___, which is in response to external stimuli |
|
Definition
- membrane potential; ThC; single spike firing
- monoamines; membrane potential; single spike firing |
|
|
Term
| during NREM sleep; loss of excitation ___ and allows expression of ___. this shifts ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
| lowers membrane potential; T and H currents. Thc Neurons; intrinsic burst firing |
|
|
Term
| during REM sleep, ___ elevates __ enough to switch to ___ |
|
Definition
| ach; membrane potential; single spike firing |
|
|
Term
| muscle tone in NREM sleep is ___ but ___ |
|
Definition
| decreased but akin to relaxed wakefulness |
|
|
Term
| muscle tone in REM sleep is ___ of all ___ but ___ |
|
Definition
| active inhibition; spinal motor activity ;cranial nerves not affected |
|
|
Term
how is wake regulated by the brain?
- ___: sleep/wake state
- ___: general attention
- ___: memory acquisition |
|
Definition
- serotonergic raphe nuclei
- noradrenergic locus coeruleus
- dopaminergic VTA/ Substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
how is wake regulated by the brain?
- ___: general arousal
- ___: sleep or wake? |
|
Definition
-histaminergic tuberomamillary nucleus
- hypocretinergic perifornical nucleus |
|
|
Term
how is NREM regulated by the brain?
- ___: suppresses monoamines, histamine
- ___: suppresses cholinergic basal forebrain nucleus |
|
Definition
- GABAergic ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
- adenosinergic basal forebrain |
|
|
Term
How is REM regulated by the brain?
- continued ___, but now ___ |
|
Definition
| suppression of monoamines; ACh system is turned on |
|
|
Term
| there are signigicant changes in ___ between wake and sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sleep and wake are ____ processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ mechanisms contribute to the generation of wake and sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ may have overlapping and/or distinct roles in different aspects of ___ |
|
Definition
| neuromodulators; wakefulness |
|
|
Term
sex organs during sleep
- NREM sleep: ___
- REM sleep: ___ |
|
Definition
- no significant, consistent changes
- penile/clitoral tumescence |
|
|
Term
| sex organs during sleep are not necissarily ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ on Y chromosome -> ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leydig cells (testosterone); sertoli cells (mullerian inhibiting factor) |
|
|
Term
male sex hormones
- testes release __
- ___: increase at puberty, leads to development of secondary sex characteristics
- hormone levels in males ___ |
|
Definition
- androgen
- testosterone
- fluctuate daily |
|
|
Term
female hormones
- ovaries secrete ___ and ___
- __ of sex hormones vary over multiple time scales
- female hormone levels especially fluctuate over ___ |
|
Definition
- estradiol (estrogen) and progesterone (progestin)
- 28 day menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| ___ receptors in female and male brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ can be converted to __ in the brain, making it hard to assess the role of __ and their receptors in the brain |
|
Definition
| testosterone; estradiol; androgens |
|
|
Term
| the __ is larger in male rats |
|
Definition
| sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) |
|
|
Term
__: male mates with many females
__: female mates with many males
__: one spouse |
|
Definition
polygyny
polyandry
monogamy |
|
|
Term
| levels of __ and __, and their receptors, can influence the neurochemistry of reproductive behaviors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in humans, the role of __ and __ is not clear; but in __ mammals seasonal breeding is the norm |
|
Definition
| light; melatonin; photoperiodic |
|
|
Term
| most human behaviors are not ___ |
|
Definition
| distinctly masculine or feminine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ play a crucial role in sexual development and behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
