Term
|
Definition
| A type of muscle in the digestive tract, arteries, and related structures; innervated by the autonomic nervous system and not under voluntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of muscle with a striated, or striped, appearance; the two types are skeletal and cardiac. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of striated muscles found only in the heart; it contracts rhythmically even in the absence of innervation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of striated muscle that is under voluntary control and that functions to move bones around joints; derived from mesodermal somites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A multinucleated skeletal muscle cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The skeletal muscles and the parts of the nervous system that control them; the system that generate behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The direction of movement that closes a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The direction of movement that opens a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A muscle that causes flexion when it contracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A muscle that contracts with other muscles to produce movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A muscle that acts against another at the same joint. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A muscle that controls movements of the trunk of the body |
|
|
Term
| proximal (girdle) muscles |
|
Definition
| A muscle that controls the shoulder or pelvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A muscle that controls the hands, feet, or digits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a neuron that innervates the extrafusal fibers of skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the alpha motor neurons innervating the fibers of a single skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A motor unit with a large alpha motor neuron innervating rapidly contracting and rapidly fatiguing white muscle fibers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A motor unit with a small alpha motor neuron innervating slowly fatiguing red muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| excitation-contraction coupling |
|
Definition
| The physiological process by which the excitation of a muscle cell leads to its contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outer cell membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cylindrical structure within a skeletal muscle fiber that contracts in response to an action potential |
|
|
Term
| sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
|
Definition
| An organelle within a skeletal muscle fiber that stores Ca2+ and releases it when stimulated by an action potential in T tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membrane-enclosed tunnel running within a skeletal muscle fiber that links excitation of the sarcolemma with the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A band delineating sarcomeres in a myofibril of a muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The contractile element between Z lines in a myofibril; contains the thick and thin filaments that slide along one another to cause muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the cytoskeleton of a muscle cell containing actin, anchored to Z lines and sliding along thick filaments to cause muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the cytoskeleton of a muscle cell containing myosin, lying between and among thin filaments and sliding along them to cause muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cytoskeletal protein in all cells and the major thick filament protein in a skeletal muscle fiber; causes muscle contraction by chemical interaction with actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cytoskeletal protein in all cells and the major thin filament protein in a skeletal muscle fiber; causes muscle contraction by specific chemical interactions with myosin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein that binds Ca2+ in a skeletal muscle cell, thereby regulating the interaction of myosin and actin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specialized structure within skeletal muscles that senses muscle length; provides sensory information to neurons in the spinal cord via group Ia axons; also called the stretch receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sensory receptor from the muscles, joints, and skin that contributes to proprioception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reflex that leads to muscle contraction in response to muscle stretch, mediated by the monosynaptic connection between group Ia axons from a muscle spindle and an alpha motor neuron innervating the same muscle; also called the stretch reflex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specialized muscle fiber within a muscle spindle that receives motor innervation from gamma motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A muscle fiber in skeletal muscle that lies outside muscle spindles and receives innervation from alpha motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A motor neuron that innervates intrafusal muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specialized structure within the tendons of skeletal muscle the senses muscle tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process whereby the contraction of one set of muscles is accompanied by the relaxation of antagonist muscles |
|
|
Term
| central pattern generator |
|
Definition
| A neural circuit that gives rise to rhythmic motor activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons in the lateral column of the spinal cord that are involved in the control of voluntary movements of the distal musculature and are under direct cortical control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons in the ventromedial column of the spinal cord that are involved in the control of posture and locomotion and are under brain stem control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tract that originates in the neocortex and terminates in the spinal cord; involved in the control of voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cortical areas 4 and 6, which are directly involved in the control of voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tract running along the ventral medulla that carries corticospinal axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tract originating in the red nucleus and terminating in the spinal cord; involved in the control of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell group in the midbrain involved in the control of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tract originating in the vestibular nuclei of the medulla and terminating in the spinal cord; involved in the control of movement and posture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tract originating in the superior colliculus and terminating in the spinal cord; involved in the control of head and neck movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A region of the brain stem ventral to the cerebral aqeduct and fourth ventricle; involved in many functions, including the control of posture and locomotion. |
|
|
Term
| pontine reticulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| A tract originating in the pontine reticular formation and terminating in the spinal cord, involved in the control of movement. |
|
|
Term
| medullary reticulospinal tract |
|
Definition
| A tract originating in the medullary reticular formation and terminating in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| primary motor cortex (M1) |
|
Definition
| Brodmann's area 4, locatted on the precentral gyrus; the region of the cortex that, when weakly stimulated, elicits localized muscle contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lateral part of cortical area 6, involved in the control of voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| supplementary motor are (SMA) |
|
Definition
| The medial part of cortical are 6; involved in the control of voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| ventral lateral nucleus (VL) |
|
Definition
| A nucleus of the thalamus that relays information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the motor cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of associated cell groups in the basal forebrain, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the basal ganglia in the basal forebrain, involved in motor control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the basal ganglia in the basal forebrain; involved in motor control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the basal ganglia in the basal forebrain; involved in motor control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the basal ganglia in the basal forebrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell group in the midbrain that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter and innervates the striatum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collective term for the caudate nucleus and putamen; involved in the initiation of willed movements of the body; plays a role in procedural memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A movement disorder caused by damage to the substantia nigra, characterized by paucity of movement, difficulty in initiating willed movement, and resting tremor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hereditary, progressive, inevitably fatal condition characterized by dyskinesias, dementia, and personality disorders; associated with profound degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A movement disorder caused by damage to the subthalamus, characterized by violent, flinging movements of the extremities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure derived from the rhombencephalon, attached to the brain stem at the pons; an important movement control center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally uncoordinated and inaccurate movements, often associated with cerebellar dysfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The midline region of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The clusters of neurons that relay information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellar cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The balanced functioning of physiological processes and maintenance of an organism's internal environment within a narrow range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hypothalamic region that lies most medially, bordering the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
| magnocellular neurosecretory cell |
|
Definition
| A large neuron of the periventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus that projects to the posterior pituitary and secrets oxytocin or vasopressin into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small peptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary by magnocellular neurosecretory cells; stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown from the mammary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small peptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary by magnocellular neurosecretory cells; promotes water retention and decreased urine production by the kidney; also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
|
|
Term
| parvocellular neurosecretory cells |
|
Definition
| A small neuron of the medial and periventricular hypothalamus that secretes hypophysiotropic peptide hormones into the hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A peptide hormone, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone or gonadotropi-releasing hormone, released into the blood by the parvocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation |
|
Definition
| A system of blood vessels that carries hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outer segment of the adrenal gland; releases cortisol when stimulated by the pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inner segment of the adrenal gland, innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers; releases epinephrine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A steriod hormone released by the adrenal cortex; mobilizes energy reserves, suppresses the immune system, and has direct actions on some CNS neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peripheral ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A peripheral neuron of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS; its cell body lies in autonomic ganglia, and its axons terminate on peripheral organs and tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neuron of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system; its cell body lies in the CNS and its axons extend peripherally to synapse on postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of interconnected sympathetic ganglia of the ANS, adjacent to the vertebral column, that receive input from preganglionic sympathetic fibers and project postganglionic fibers to target organs and tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A division of the ANS that innervates the digestive organs; consists of the myenteric and submucous plexuses. |
|
|
Term
| nucleus of the solitary tract |
|
Definition
| A brain stem nucleus that receives sensory input and uses it to coordinate autonomic function via its outputs to other brain stem and forebrain nuclei and to the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small nucleus located bilaterally in the pons; using NE as their neurotransmitter, its neurons project widely on all levels of the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of serotonergic neurons that lie along the midline of the brain stem from the midbrain to the medulla and project diffusely upon all levels of the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Several cholinergic nuclei of the telencephalon, including the medial septal nuclei and basal nucleus of Meynert. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior at is incited to achieve a goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person's perception of his or her maleness or femaleness. |
|
|
Term
| sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) |
|
Definition
| A gene on the Y chromosome that codes for testis-determining factor; essential for normal male development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; its diverse roles include the stimulation of testosterone production in males and the facilitation of follicle development and ovulation in females. |
|
|
Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; its diverse roles include the growth of follicles in the ovaries and the maturation of sperm in the testes. |
|
|
Term
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
|
Definition
| A hypophysiotropic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus; regulates the release of LH and FSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The female reproductive cycle in most nonprimate mammals in which there are periodic episodes of estrus, of "heat" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mating behavior in which one male mates with more than one female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mating behavior in which one female mates with more than one male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sex-related difference in structure or behavior |
|
|
Term
| sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) |
|
Definition
| A neuron cluster in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus that in rats is significantly larger in males than in females |
|
|
Term
| interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH) |
|
Definition
| Four neuron clusters in the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus in humans, some of which may be sexually dimorphic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a hormone to influence the prenatal development of sex organs and the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a hormone to activate reproductive processes or behaviors in the mature organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the neural basis of mood and emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory proposing that the subjective experience of emotion is a consequence of physiological changes in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory of emotion proposing that emotional experience is independent of emotional expression and is determined by the pattern of thalamic activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The experience or expression of emotion in the absence of conscious awareness of the stimulus that evoked the emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hippocampus and cortical areas bordering the brain stem in mammals, which Broca proposed as a distinct lobe of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A circuit of structures interconnecting the hypothalamus and cortex, proposed by Papez to be an emotion system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of structures, including those in the limbic lobe and Papez circuit, that are anatomically interconnected and are probably involved in emotion, learning, and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A constellation of symptoms resulting from bilateral temporal lobectomy in humans and monkeys that includes decreased fear and aggression (flattened emotions), the tendency to identify objects by oral examination rather than visual inspection, and altered sexual behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attack behavior, often with the goal of obtaining food, accompanied by few vocalizations and low ANS activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A threatening or defensive form of aggression accompanied by vocalizations and a high level of ANS activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain surgery used to treat mental or behavioral disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A display of great anger in a situation that would not normally cause anger; behavior produced by brain lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A large bundle of axons coursing through the hypothalamus carrying efferents from the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons in the brain stem and fibers interconnecting the hypothalamus, limbic structures, and midbrain tegmental area. |
|
|
Term
| dorsal longitudinal fasciculus |
|
Definition
| A bundle of axons reciprocally connecting the hypothalamus and midbrain PAG |
|
|
Term
| periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) |
|
Definition
| A region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the core of the midbrain, with descending pathways that can inhibit the transmission of pain-causing signals. |
|
|
