Term
| Anxiety Disorders may be associated with alterations in... |
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Definition
noradrendergic, serotonergic or GABA neurotransmitter systems.
Also associated with increases in peripheral sympathetic tone and adrenal epinephrine
Usually involves structures of the limbic system |
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Term
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Definition
- Recurrent unexpected panic attacks, with worry about their implications or significant behavior change, or both. May present with agoraphobia
- More likely to happen in women
- Associated with other anxiety disorder, depression, substance abuse
- Also associated with coronary artery disease, HTN, Asthma, COPD, vestibular dysfunction, Irritable bowel syndrome
- May or may not increase risk of suicide
- Genetic link: increased risk if 1st degree relative have been diagnosed
- Reduction in GABA and/or some of its receptors and agonists is a central mechanism
- Involves Amygdala and its projections to the hypothalamus and brainstem
- Treatments involve cognitive behavioral therapy and medications that increase serotonin and/or GABA levels |
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Term
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Definition
- Reduction in GABA and/or some of its receptors and agonists is a central mechanism
- Involves Amygdala and its projections to the hypothalamus and brainstem |
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Term
| Treatments for Panic Disorder involve: |
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Definition
| cognitive behavioral therapy and medications that increase serotonin and/or GABA levels |
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Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
- Characterized by obsessions (intrusive, irrational, repetitive thoughts, fantasies or impulses) and/or compulsions (intrusive, irrational, repetitive behavior patterns)
- Obsessions are a source of anxiety, while the compulsions provide temporary relief
- Incidence: 1 in 100 have an occurrence, no gender bias, recurring
- Thought to be “stuck” in brain loop (Prefrontal cortex & Cingulate gyrus – Thalamus – Basal Ganglia/Caudate)
- The mechanism may be similar to the hyperkinetic basal ganglia disorders, but involving the prefrontal and limbic channels of basal ganglia rather than motor channels
- Treatments involve cognitive behavioral therapy and medications that increase serotonin levels
- Severe cases have been treated with limbic leucotomy (subcaudate and cingulate), anterior capsulotomy to interrupt “loop”. |
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Term
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Definition
cognitive behavioral therapy and medications that increase serotonin levels
- Severe cases have been treated with limbic leucotomy (subcaudate and cingulate), anterior capsulotomy to interrupt “loop”. |
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Term
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Definition
- Schizophrenia is a family of diseases of disordered thinking characterized by loose associations, flat affect, ambivalence and autism ("thinking divorced from reality").
Characteristic symptoms include:
- delusions
- hallucianations
- disorganized speech
- disorganized or catatonic behavior
- negative symptoms, i.e. flat affect |
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Term
| Disorganized schizophrenia: |
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Definition
| Severe form of schizophrenia; occurs at earlier age than other varieties. Pronounced thought disorder, grossly inappropriate affect; frequent hallucinations and delusions; visual and auditory hallucinations; motor symptoms include facial grimacing; history of tantrums, overly pious, shy, fearful, solitary, conscientious, idealistic. |
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Term
| Mixed types of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Disorganization of thought: incoherence, inappropriate affect, illogicality, bizarre behavior, aggression, agitation. Flat affect, reduced expressive gestures, latency of response, reduced spontaneous movements, apathy, reduced recreational activities, inability to feel intimate or close, and motor retardation. Hallucinations and delusions in the patients mind; thoughts extracted from his mind; sense that patient is being controlled. Suspicion and hostility. |
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Term
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Definition
| preoccupation with one or more delusions, accompanied by auditory hallucinations. Often the theme is religious, depressive or grandiose in nature, mistrust, suspicious. They appear cold, aloof, indifferent; many are hypochondriacal. |
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Term
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Definition
- Unknown;
- Their does appears to be a genetic factor. There is a higher incidence in siblings (11%) and especially in twins (68%).
- Schizophrenia may be a developmental disorder with possible brain injury occurring during the intrauterine or neonatal period.
- Environmental influences such as stressful events are often correlated with onset
- Pathological analysis of brains postmortem has found hippocampal cellular loss. Unsure if this is related to disease or treatment.
- Imaging studies have revealed:
1. lateral ventricle enlargement,
2. 3rd ventricle enlargement,
3. sulcal enlargement,
4. reduction in temporal lobe, hippocampal, and amygdala gray matter.
5. Decreased cortical white matter
6. Decreased cortical activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia
- Theories of pathophysiology include:
1. Early life prefrontal cortex injuries that do not become evident until puberty.
2. Prenatal events that result in cell migration issues
3. Alteration of the dopaminergic projections and D2 receptors in the mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways
4. Abnormalities in glutamate and reduced function of the NMDA glutamate receptor.
- Treatments for schizophrenia: dopamine antagonists and antipsychotic agents (e.g., haloperidol). |
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Term
| Theories of pathophysiology include: |
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Definition
1. Early life prefrontal cortex injuries that do not become evident until puberty.
2. Prenatal events that result in cell migration issues
3. Alteration of the dopaminergic projections and D2 receptors in the mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways
4. Abnormalities in glutamate and reduced function of the NMDA glutamate receptor. |
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Term
| Treatments for schizophrenia |
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Definition
| dopamine antagonists and antipsychotic agents (e.g., haloperidol). |
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Term
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Definition
A. mental pain and feeling of exhaustion
B. preoccupation with image of deceased
C. sense of guilt concerning relationship with deceased
D. difficulty initiating or organizing daily affairs; "going through the motions"
E. lasts 4-12 weeks
F. delayed or postponed grief may occur
G Management involves sympathetic attitude; helping to acknowledge loss and face changes required. Sedative medication may be helpful early on. |
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Term
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Definition
Reaction to a medical or neurological illness may indicate signs of reactive depression if it includes:
1. sadness or despair
2. easy fatigability
3. tension headaches
4. dizziness
5. loss of appetite
6. reduced interest in life and love
7. trouble falling asleep
8. chronic pain |
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Term
| Manic-depressive disorder |
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Definition
A. This is a disorder of mood or affect with episodes of mania, depression or both.
B. Episodes of depression are more common than episodes of mania.
C. Manic depressive illness is divided into two groups:
1. Unipolar group: only depressive illness occurs
2. Bipolar group: mania occurs with or without depression.
D. Depressive illness complaints include feelings of sadness, unhappiness, discouragement, hopelessness, despondence, loss of self esteem, reduced energy and activity, mental and physical exhaustion (to catatonia in some). There is loss of interest in formerly interesting activities, patient moves slowly, sighs frequently and speech is reduced (some cases mute).
E. Manic state is characterized by hyperactivity, increased appetite and sex urge; enthusiasm, expectation, great drive and confidence, impulsive behavior. "Delirious mania" may occur in which the patient is totally incoherent and disorganized in behavior. Visual and auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions are rampant.
F. Manic-depressive disorder is a risk factor for suicide.
G. Treatment for severe manic-depressive illness can include electroconvulsive therapy. Treatment for manic phase of manic-depressive disorder is Lithium carbonate. Antipsychotic agents also help the manic phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| only depressive illness occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| mania occurs with or without depression |
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Term
| Treatment for severe manic-depressive illness can include: |
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Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy. Treatment for manic phase of manic-depressive disorder is Lithium carbonate. Antipsychotic agents also help the manic phase. |
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Term
| Mechanisms of depression: |
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Definition
Decreases in norepinephrine, Serotonin, and GABA signaling are associated with depressive symptoms. Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (hypothyroidism) function also appears to decrease.
Increases in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (increased cortisol release) axis is associated with depressive symptoms
Increases in the norepinephrine system associated with manic symptoms.
Many of the medications for depression focus on inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Mechanisms for these drugs appear to be a combination of the increasing the amount/effects of the neurotransmitter and increasing the trophic factor BDNF in target cells (increasing the health of the target cells). |
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Term
| manic symptoms are associated with... |
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Definition
| Increases in the norepinephrine system. |
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